physiological function dream theoryphysiological function dream theory

MeSH Such electrophysiological studies demonstrate that the abovementioned sites in the central nervous system are involved in the oniric movements but they do not prove that such structures generate them. The result of such conscious identification is a dream. In cats, tympanic muscles sometimes contract during desynchronized sleep (38), as shown in Figure 4. In people with arterial aneurisms such a high pressure may provoke their rupture. WebPsychoanalytic theory of dream: Advanced by Freud, the psychoanalytic theory of dream stands as the most valid and fundamental among all the theories of dream. Such a configuration is subsequently compared to memorized patterns and then, and only then, it can be identified by means of the conscious process. Much experimental work is needed before a convincing function can be ascribed to the fascinating physiological phenomenon that is dreaming. Chaudhuri A. Neural activity mapping with inducible transcription factors. Jouvet M. Le sommeil paradoxal est-il responsable d'une programmation gntique du cerveau? during desynchronized sleep prevents sustained brain inactivity, which might occur during sleep. The latter are absolutely necessary for any neural activity to occur, inasmuch as the oxygen required by the nervous system amounts to 20% of the total oxygen consumption (near ten times as much as the average of the body as a whole). Timo-Iaria C, Negro N, Schmidek WR, Rocha TL, Hoshino K. Phases and states of sleep in the rat. The authors concluded that the correlation they found was probably involved in memory consolidation but such coincidence may indicate that during dreaming memorized information is being revoked to integrate a given dreaming pattern. Van de Castle RL. When a dream has a verbal content the tongue, lips and other facial muscles do contract and if the dream is deambulatory several lower limb muscles do contract, expressing the behavior triggered by the imagined walking. In: Klemm, W. R. & Vertes, R. P. A theory that has many followers is the one that connects dreams, in particular, desynchronized sleep in general, with memory consolidation. REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness. Brain Res 1979;176:233-54. Vertes RP, Kocsis B. Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. Does early night REM dream content reliably reflect presleep state of mind? Hansotia P, Broste S, Ruggles K, Wall R, Friske M. Eye movement patterns in REM sleep. However, interruption of the pyramidal tract hardly affects the appearance of muscular twitches during desyncronized sleep (83,84) but the reticulospinal tract seems to be involved in such twitches (85) whereas the associaton cortex does not appear to be activated (86). Reticulospinal and reticulobulbar tracts are involved in conveying to the motoneurons the impulses that cause oniric movements. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. Brain Res 1996;770:192-201. 23. He gives At 36C, for instance, desynchronized sleep spans to about 10% of time, at 23C it occupies nearly 80% of the time, what has not been explained so far. By visually examining the amplitude of theta waves in these examples it seems they vary at random but when the instant variation of voltage is plotted as a function of time, a regular variation appears during the phasic movements (figure 10). Candia et al. Psychosomat Med 1975;37:147-59. Braz J Med Biol Res 1990;23:617-20. In rats bilateral lesion of the midbrain reticular formation is followed by a long lasting state of synchronized sleep, with predominance of phase III (Timo-Iaria, Assumpo & Bernardi, unpublished observations). The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming. Jouvet M, Michel F, Courjon J. Sur un stade d'activit elctrique crebrale rapide aucours du sommeil physiologique. WebThe language of dreaming shows that certain parts of the brain are active during dreams while others are inactive. In the past, most civilizations boasted having wise people who could tell the meaning of dreams if conveniently paid for that, a fancy profession that still has its counterparts in modern nations. Another fancy hypothesis is the one that proposes that we dream to forget, in order to delete "unwanted" information by reverse learning or unlearning (118). News Physiol Sci 1998;13:91-7. Valle AC. The vegetative components, that are phasic increases of heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, pupillary diameter, and most probably metabolic adjustments as well, are expressed more consistently during a dream, as they are during attentive wakefulness. Dreams are still taken by a majority of the human kind as premonitory, ascribing them the function of telling us that something important will happen. (ed. Arch Psychiat Nervenkrankh 1938;109:1-17. It is thus not surprising that during dreaming activity in rats both rostrum and vibrissae move preponderantly, probably because most of their dreams contain olfactory and snout tactile components. Green JD, Arduini A. Hippocampal activity in arousal. 90. During the first half of the twentieth century, despite the heavy influence of psychoanalysis, dreaming was again but sporadically studied scientifically. Wiley-Interscience, New york 1990:535-583. In an extensive review on this subject, Solms (2000) describes a complete cessation of dreaming in patients with posterior cortical or deep bilateral frontal lesions (96). This statement is incorrect, inasmuch as electro-oscillograms during both states in humans are not so similar as to confound an observer and in rats we have found that theta waves that occur in both attentive wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep are largely different. (1987) suggested the occurrence of two kinds of eye movements during dreams, one associated to the very dream content, another of reflex nature, that may be involved in those occurring in children and in blind people but such a hypothesis is unlikely to be valid (35). Penile erection, that also occurs in monkeys, is present during desynchronized (paradoxical or REMsleep) but it is not necessarily linked to erotic dreams. WebThis theory also implies that dreams are not independently functional but rather a coproduct of the sleeping brain, reflecting the dreamers physiological and psychological While Freud makes many intuitive Since memorized information is the basic material to build up dreams, it is understandable that many (but not all) dreams are threatening and emotionally highly charged (111). Vertes RP. Baust's data regarding the cat are also evident (38). Science 1994;265:676-9. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London edition 1985. Am J Physiol 1937;118:8-14. Theta waves, discovered by Jung and Kornmller in 1938 (72), were extensively studied by Green & Arduini (73), who proved they are related to arousal. The function of dreaming Theories on the function of REM sleep and dreaming, with which it has a contingent relationship, remain diverse. They include facilitation of memory storage, reverse learning, anatomical and functional brain maturation, catecholamine restoration, psychoanalytical (wish fulfilment or otherwise). It i Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1990;76:388-99. It is not known if such a mechanism does exist in humans; if it exists, what is highly possible, we can reason that it is the activity of the chemoreceptor system that senses pO2 that keeps us alive during desynchronized sleep. eCollection 2019. Despite such facts, some physiologists do not agree that heart rate and blood pressure decrease during desynchronized sleep. Descending projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the paramedian reticular nucleus of the caudal medulla in the cat. Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1978. Moruzzi G. Action inhibitrice du palocervelet sur les reflexes circulatoires et respiratoires d'origine sino-carotidinne. Sleeping and Waking. Physiol., Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1972:166-307. Brain activity during this time keeps us functioning and ready to process information when we wake up the next morning! This neural activity is then interpreted by the brain as an internal activity. Despite such discrepancies, however, during synchronized sleep PRT studies reveal a decrease in global cerebral energy metabolism relative to both waking and desynchronized sleep. A theory that has many Lovblad KO, Thomas R, Jakod PM, Scammel T, Bassetti C, Griswold M, et al. Recently a more acceptable evidence in favor of the consolidation hypothesis arises from the study of a gene involved in neuronal activation This gene protein, zif-268 (98), binds to a specific DNA molecule present in the promoters of a variety of genes expressed in the nervous system (99) and its up-regulation is thought to initiate a program of gene regulation leading to neuronal plasticity (100). Induction of rapid eye movement sleep by carbachol infusion into the pontine reticular formation of the rat. Science 1978;201:269-72. Proc Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. John Wiley and Sons, New york 1982. Physiological-functioning theor y was supported in a 2009 paper written by J. Allan According to Mancia (1995), the brain "produces dreams" as "a symbolic process of elaborating, interpreting and reorganizing in narrative sequences all the material accumulated in the memory during waking hours". sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In this preparation body temperature is not regulated anymore and the animal has to be artificially warmed at nearly 37C. Milbrandt J. In: M. C. Hepp-Reymond & G. Marini (eds.) Plato, despite his logical view of dreams, antecipated by 24 centuries one of the dogmas of psychoanalysis, stating that the dreams with a sexual background, mainly those with an incestuous content, and those in which the dreamer attacked or even killed someone, did, in fact, represent occult wishes that only could be fulfilled without punishment as an oniric experience. According to this author, in children at the age of two, when the hippocampus, which is still in the process of development at birth, becomes functional, REM sleep takes on its interpretive memory function (134). The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep. The discovery of REM sleep kickstarted a flurry of scientific research into the mechanisms of the sleeping brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. Sleep and dreaming: induction and mediation of REM sleep by cholinergic mechanisms. (ed. 4 According to Freud, Roldan E, Weiss TT. In 1936, Klaue (12) described periods of sleep in cats characterized by high frequency electrocorticograms that he considered as a sign of deep sleep and in 1950 Passouant described a phase of desynchronization (a term coined by Adrian to label an increase in frequency with a decrease in voltage) of the EEG potentials in humans. Acta Med Iug 1978;32:45-50. At the end of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity. Another hypothesis to account for desynchronized sleep function is that this phase of sleep is programmed to occur when central temperature is low and that it has a thermoregulatory function. Human regional cerebral blood flow during rapid eye movement sleep. WebIn a nutshell, the theory states that the biological function of dreaming is to stimulate threatening events in order to rehearse the perception of threats and how to go about 135. Brain Res 1967;5:221-35. Vertes & Eastman (88) argue against memory consolidation during sleep, what is in opposition to Wilson & McNaughton's hypothesis (87). Thus, any study of dreaming also lends itself to psychological scrutiny and clinical application. Animal experimentation, by making it possible to implant electrodes in any part of the nervous system and to lesion and stimulate (electrically or chemically) also any nucleus or pathway, has been of the utmost relevance for the understanding of the mechanisms causing not only sleep but also the manifestations of dreaming. 111. Such high values of r may mean that theta waves arrive in such areas almost synchronously, coming from some other sites in the central nervous system. Schmidt MH, Sakai K, Valatrix JL, Jouvet M. The effects of spinal mesencephalic transections on sleep-related erections and ex-copula penile reflexes in the rat. Mirmiran M, Van Someren E. The importance of REM sleep for brain maturation. Vogel GW, Foulkes D, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset. Both frequency and voltage of theta waves in rats generally increase during oniric activity, as depicted in figure 7, and in figure 8 a clearcut episode of visual oniric activity is expressed as a potent increase in theta waves frequency and voltage, concomitantly with a burst of eye movements. J Sleep Res 1993;2:63-9. Brain Develop 1994;16:81-91. 27. In fact, when the voltage of each theta wave in one site is compared with the voltage in another site it is possible to assess the degree of coincidence or phase shift between the two sites. Jouvet believes that dreaming activity plays a key role during the earliest years of life and thus may be involved in continuously programming some of the most subtle reactions of our consciousness during wakefulness. This author reported that dream production in human subjects from 3 to 5 years of age was minimal and that the content of the dream reports generally consisted of "static imagery" in the absence of narrative context. Gottesman C, Gandolfo G, Zernicki B. 6. J Physiol (Paris) 1984;79:365-74. 2022 Nov 3;12(11):1832. doi: 10.3390/jpm12111832. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 30. eCollection 2020. Kluger J. cognitive development. 48. Doneshka P, Kehaiyov A. Braz J Med Biol Res 1995;28:385-96. The posterior areas affected in this syndrome are the visual areas V3, V3a and V4 (97). Brain Res 1970;19:263-75. Axons from neurons of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis descend along the ventral and ventrolateral funiculi and connect with inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord (55,56). Jouvet M. Neurophysiology of the states of sleep. doi: 10.1093/nc/nix009. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. 122. The correlation between dream content and the oniric movements was first studied by Aristotle, who identified lip, eye and limb movements and correctly related them to what was being dreamed of. Attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. For instance, zif-268 has been shown to induce the expression of a synapse-specific protein, synapsin II (101), and has been linked to the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (102,103) and other plasticity phenomena. This seems to be a highly improbably conception, among other reasons because, as dreaming is concerned, threatening events are as dangerous to the organism as bad news we hear and as crossing a street or watching a movie-film full of violence are as well. Physiol Behav 1970;5:402-7. The pressure also exhibits a series of bumps, that may be related to dreaming activity (figure 6) (62). This organ receives information from the entire body, including the baroreceptors, as shown by Moruzzi (80). Learn Mem 1999;6:500-8. Nature 1996;383:163-6. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Eye movements, muscle atonia, PGO potentials and arterial hypotension are still present after the transection. Front Neurol. Changes in hippocampal gene expression associated with the induction of long-term potentiation. 87. 129. Ann Rev Psychol 1990;41:557-884. In rats we found similar potentials in the amygdala as related to olfactory dreams, expressed as rostrum movements (32). Accordingly, they are known as PGO (pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus) potentials. Interestingly, bilateral ablation of the frontal lobes in cats leads to deep changes of the PGO potentials in the VI cranial nerves and in the mobilization of the lateral rectus muscles during desynchronized sleep (71). Now, the recent advent of deep neural networks (DNNs) has finally provided the novel conceptual framework within which to understand Not only theta waves do occur in the cerebellar cortex during desynchronized sleep but also spindles and delta waves are found in this organ in synchronized sleep, just as in neocortical areas. In: C. Guilleminaut, W. C. Dement and P. Passouant (eds.) 75. Exploring the neural correlates of dream phenomenology and altered states of consciousness during sleep. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. 133. Plenum Press, 1990. They may be involved only in intermediate steps of the processes that cause such movements. WebDream theories developed by Freud suggest that dreams are psychological, revealing hidden urges, for example. Fratelli Bocca Editori, Torino 1899. Web5 Theories on dreaming . A comparison of presleep and REM sleep thematic content. 59. 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