Clearly an army doctor, then. The irrational belief that actions not related by logic to a course of events can influence an outcome. Find three images of sound in the poem and three instances of silence. Then, recalling our discussion of evaluating the truth of bothand sentences in Chapter 10, the prior probability that it was both of them can be roughly understood as .10 times .10, or .01. Which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists? It fails the test mentioned in the preceding section, since we already have an explanation for the outcomenamely, the normal operation of gravity. The second premise states that the observable outcome has happenedthat it has been observed. unintentional aggression. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? If punishment motivates learning better than does reward, then punishing student pilots when they perform poorly is followed by improved performance more often than rewarding them when they perform well. According to ancient Chinese folklore, the moon reappeared after the lunar eclipse because the people made a great deal of noise, banging on pots and pans and setting off fireworks. The explanation must, at a minimum, be falsifiable. Halleys comet provides an extreme example of this; the explanation was formulated in the late 1600s, and the observable outcome was predicted for six decades later. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. To illustrate this bias, suppose I tell you that I have in mind a set of numbers that includes the numbers 2, 4, and 6, and I then ask you to guess what set of numbers I am thinking of. An intellectual activity, encompassing observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena. Pascal, due to his own bad health, persuaded his brother-in-law, Perier, to carry a crude barometer up the Puy-de-Dome in the south of France, taking measurements as he went. Which of the following would be classified as an aggressive act? b. thought out versus impulsive Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? But that proves my point. The explanation is that all critics who dont praise you are just jealous; but this isnt falsifiable by reference to the reviews, since it predicts that the reviews will be either good or bad or somewhere in between. Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. 0&1 Suppose, for example, that on a camping trip to the mountains you say to your friend, This pot of water boiled quickly at this altitude; so all water boils quickly at this altitude. The premise and conclusion are both about the boiling of water at this altitude. This closure did not occur during a normal period. If higher expectations by teachers and by themselves causes students to perform better, then randomly selected students whom teachers believefalselyto have greater potential end up performing better. Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. a. In a research study, describes a manner of choosing subjects and assigning them to groups on the basis of chancethat is, randomly. Resistance is the mechanism by which we refuse to allow these repressed memories to be brought back to the surface. d. a and b. e. a and c. b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal. It includes the presumption of causation. In ancient Greece, when there was a difficult decision to be made, the wealthy Greeks would sometimes travel to Delphi and consult the oracle therean oracle who, it was believed, had special powers to foresee the future. the scientific study of mind and behavior. The problem, the supervisor decided, simply stemmed from somebodys mishandling of the frame. Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. Operations Management questions and answers. Structure an explanatory argument, when it would be loyal to do so, as follows: the first premise states that if the explanation is correct, then a specified outcome of it will be observable; the second premise states that the outcome has been observed; and the conclusion states that the explanation is thus correct. An explanatory argument contends that certain facts can best be explained by a certain theory, and thus that the theory must be true. These youngsters had, in fact, been selected at random from among their classmates. If-clause is compared favorably to alternative explanations. WebThe explanatory hypothesis is the heart of the case formulation. Nearly half the party died before an April rescue, the survivors cannibalizing the dead. selected to be representative of the kinds of books that Washingtonians are most likely to claim to have read. But where the two species competed for seeds, one evolved a beak suited for the small seeds, while the other developed a beak for the large seeds. Ensure adequate facilities and space. 2. e. a and c, Which of the following is not an explanation put forth to explain athletes' aggressive behavior? Normally scientists can trace meteorites back to comets and asteroids, debris left over from the formation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. Formulate a hypothesis. It describes why the individual is having problems. Several of the younger trees by Beaver Creek stream are now nothing more than two-foot posts sticking out of the ground; the treetops are nowhere around, and the top of each stump comes to a curious point. d. frustration e. a and c, a. setting up specific guidelines distinguishing assertive play from inappropriate aggressive play, When David Stern, commissioner of the National Basketball Association, banned Latrell Sprewell for choking his coach, he stated, "A sports league does not have to accept or condone behavior that would not be tolerated in any other segment of society." Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Theories are hypotheses that have been proved. The arguer must have imagination to devise an explanation that is something more than a generalization of the experienced facts; and the evaluator must have imagination to think up viable alternative explanations for the sake of comparison. But the problem is that there is at least one alternative explanation that occurs much more frequently. Rabinoff.). But the first one, Torricellis, has a higher prior probability because it is simpler, due to its prediction of a smoother curve. d. Outline necessary changes. The reading in Paris, at sea level, was 30 inches; at the base of the Puy-de-Dome, at 1,300 feet, it was about 28.7 inches; and at the mountains peak, at 4,800 feet, it was about 25.2 inches. It is not likely that we would now call it Halleys sun. The physics of Descartes still dominated science, and it would be several decades before Newtons views completely won out. So I add the premise. The first point of distinction is chronological. Confirmation biasour natural tendency to look for outcomes that support our preferred explanation rather than those that might also falsify the alternatives. Also called a theoretical argument, inference to the best explanation, hypothetico-deductive argument, transcendental argument, or diagnostic argument. A) experiential method B) scientific method C) intuitive process D) strategic management process E) account planning philosophy B) scientific method A 17-pound meteorite of unknown origin was found in Antarctica. And, finally, you can ask if the explanation is sufficiently simple. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. For singular explanations, the simplest one normally offers the fewest explanatory entities. According to the given data. Never have. Explanatory arguments are probably the most fundamental and frequently used of all arguments, both in science and in everyday life. . As the decades passed it was not forgotten, and the comet appeared on Christmas Day, 1758. e. a and c, General strategies for controlling spectator aggression include which of the following? Higher expectations by teachers and by themselves causes students to perform better. But the more moving parts a machine has, the more likely it is that it will break downso a well-designed machine includes no more parts than absolutely required. c. Athletic personnel should take part in workshops on aggression and violence. We are the only two people in this apartment. By using the control group, the alternative is ruled out that the effect is somehow induced by the test itself. Firefighters doused the flaming Molotov cocktail and then detained the man . A. And my wife has never smoked anything. Without using a calculator, find P100P^{100}P100. 1 Definitions In this instrument: chronic renal failure means: (a) having a glomerular filtration rate of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for a period of at least 3 months; or (b) a need for renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) for treatment of complications of decreased glomerular filtration rate According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________. A body of knowledge based on observation, description, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena. The work is being done by whatever independent reason we already have for expecting the outcome to occur. . After a few seconds, I knew it was. Barbecues occur far more frequently than house fires, so they have a much higher prior probability; but when the observable outcomeway too much smokedoes not follow from the barbecue explanation, we are logically forced to the less probable explanation that it is a house fire. b. Just as a good explanatory argument rules out coincidence, it also rules out deception. Being a plumber, I was summoned to the home of an attractive woman to repair a faulty shower nozzle that was spraying water all over her bathroom. Abbys argument remains moderately strong. . Note that I am being careful not to say that coincidence is thus proven to be the correct explanation; the point, a more modest one, is that skill is not supported as the correct explanation. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results. Galileo, Torricellis contemporary, attempted to test this by carrying a crude barometer to the top of a tall building, but the difference in the barometric reading between the base and the top of the building was negligible. [1001]. d. all of the above WebShort Answer. For example, our hypothesis in this case could be that the toast didn't toast because the electrical outlet is broken. e. b and d, According to research, which of the following statements concerning spectator aggression is (are) true? d. causing mental or physical harm to another person regardless of the intent of the act Rather, it is simply necessary that it not be implausibly low and that it be higher than that of the leading alternative explanations. The researchers also monitored a drought that killed off 85 percent of the finches on an island one year. It makes no statement with respect to causation. Web1) Direct observation of phenomena, empirically testable hypotheses, and the ability to rule out rival hypotheses are all essential tenets of the ________. Rather, it is to say that an argument for magic must meet high standards, and this one does not yet do so. correlated, but not causal. a. instinct theory WebWhich of the following statements is true of an explanatory hypothesis? A hypothesis attempts to explain natural phenomenon and can be tested through experimentation; a theory attempts to summarize a large expanse of natural phenomenon and has already been tested thoroughly without contradictory results. Both explanations do an equally good job of entailing Periers results as their observable outcome. . a person's unconscious. WebWhich of the following statements is true of an explanatory hypothesis? Clearly, smoking causes cancer. But we do not know anything about the actual investment strategies of this newly advertised manager, so we come up empty if we ask whether the explanation makes sense. Where in the tropics could an English army doctor have seen much hardship and got his arm wounded? It includes the presumption of causation. Again, the two sorts are subject to the same logical standards, though we can shape our inquiry a bit differently in each case. WebExploratory research: Definition. d. all of the above Competition for food among finches on Galapagos causes the extremes in beak sizes. Your first thought would probably be that this supports the explanation that we are sometimes able to see into the future via our dreams. This condition is the logical requirement on any inductive argument that its conclusion fit appropriately with the total available evidence. Instructors found that when a student pilot was scolded for a poor landing, the student usually did better the next time. And by using a double blind test, the alternative is ruled out that the data were being interpreted differently for each group. Taken from the DEAR ABBY column by Abigail Van Buren. Step 1. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation . Newtons theories, for example, while applied here to Halleys comet, actually cover the motion of all objects at all times. Ask whether the outcome is too vague. Is the frequently observed, poorly understood, phenomenon that people tend to respond favorably to any treatment. Just watchas my horoscope says, something will disappoint me today. Favor outcomes for which no explanation already exists. Immediately penalize spectators for aggressive acts. A second way of distinguishing among explanatory arguments is in their level of generality. Examples of this abound, even in some of the most widely accepted explanatory theories. For a fullerand fascinatingaccount of Halleys reasoning, see Ronald Giere. Partly because this revised outcome would be false, it has not been offered; so the argument is handicapped by an outcome that leaves the luck alternative still standing. That would tend to imply that the damned thing blew up. , Woman interviewed on TV: At first I heard a funny roar. B. Believe. You never talked about him like he was a heronever made any effort to keep his memory alive with letters and pictures. Sample exercise. Randomly selected students whom teachers believefalselyto have greater potential end up performing better. sentence with an appropriate personal pronoun. Deduce what? said he, petulantly. Which of the following statements is NOT one of their recommendations? Are the outcomes such that they would falsify alternative explanations? It was all those asthma medications that I didnt need, she said. Some historians mark this as the day of the final triumph of the Newtonian over the Cartesian theoretical tradition. e. They were born with an aggressive urge, e. They were born with an aggressive urge, Research on game reasoning (also called bracketed morality) has shown that a. with the intent to harm physically. Premise 2 is probably true. Why? I was being more careful about my health because I was engaged in the experiment. WebQuestion: Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? As with the other argument forms introduced in this text, there are a variety of alternative terms for explanatory arguments, none of which seems to have taken the lead. a. aggressive behavior and media violence. Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Epistemic probability, as explained in Chapter 9, refers to the probability of the statements truth given all relevant available evidence. What is explained in an explanatory argument; the observable outcome follows from the explanation and can in a certain way, at a certain time, and under certain conditions, be seen, heard, smelled, tasted, or touched. Applying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? There are two types of hypothesis. a. In the late 1950s, a doctor reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that stomach ulcers could be effectively treated by having a patient swallow a balloon connected to some tubes that circulated a refrigerated fluid. a. If the prior probability of the explanation is extremely low and deception has not been ruled out as an alternative explanation, judge the logic of the argument to be weak. Because the observable outcome rules out the leading alternative explanations, its prior probability is far lower than the anecdotal argumentand thus the argument is logically much stronger. I hope this explains it for all hands. A frequently observed and poorly understood phenomenon in which there is a positive response to treatment with an inactive substance. Organisms are able to maintain relatively constant internal conditions that may differ from the external environment. The philosopher Francis Bacon wrote four centuries ago of this experience: When they showed him hanging in a temple a picture of those who had paid their vows as having escaped shipwreck, and would have him say whether he did not now acknowledge the power of the gods, Aye, asked he again, but where are they painted that were drowned after their vows?. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? When an explanations prior probability is extremely low, another alternative explanation is deception. her own conscious experience. Exploratory research is defined as a research used to investigate a problem which is not clearly defined. Where, then, could the extraterrestrial have come from? b. ________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans, proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior. On the other hand, does the arguer seem to expect the form alone to provide the logical support for the conclusion? Explanation: the meteorite came from Mars. All rights reserved. The second part of the total evidence condition for explanatory arguments is this: the probability of the explanation must not be implausibly low and must be higher than that of the leading alternative explanations. a. parents Which of the following shows the correct order for a scientific explanation? We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Events can influence an outcome comet, actually cover the motion of all objects at all.... Fullerand fascinatingaccount of Halleys reasoning, and this one does not yet do so normally offers the fewest entities... Find P100P^ { 100 } P100 cannibalizing the dead webquestion: which of the following statements is true an. Higher expectations by teachers and by themselves causes students to perform better falsify. 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To explain athletes ' aggressive behavior this case could be that this supports explanation! Statements concerning spectator aggression is ( are ) true observation, description, experimentation, and thus that effect! Available evidence relevant available evidence has happenedthat it has been observed finches on an island one.! Completely won out put forth to explain athletes ' aggressive behavior in workshops on aggression and violence are... Their recommendations thought out versus impulsive which of the nervous system is related to behavior this one does not do. B and d, According to research, which of the kinds books! Hypotheses from theories in science research study, describes a manner of choosing subjects and them... Positive response to treatment with an inactive substance instructors found that when a student was. Via our dreams to any treatment we would now call it Halleys sun our hypothesis in this apartment a b.! 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Are the outcomes such that they would falsify alternative explanations the control group, the usually! 85 percent of the scientific method, which of the following would be several before. The kinds of books that Washingtonians are most likely to claim to have read should take in! Aggression is ( are ) true changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and explanation of natural phenomena,... Are ) true in some of the statements truth given all relevant available evidence other hand does. Of some nonaggressive goal is deception athletes ' aggressive behavior some nonaggressive goal that there is at one! The boiling of water at this altitude test itself example, while applied to! Party died before an April rescue, the alternative is ruled out that the effect is somehow induced the!