You'll be billed after your free trial ends. [18], After 1918, the German economy was twice as large as that of France; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France's 40 million, and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I, while German territory had seen little fighting. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. He is capable of both tenderness and rage, but as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates. The problem was that Maginot Line, a great line of fortifications that spanned France's borders with several neighbors, was essentially a glorified trench. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). Even as an adult, Mrs. Breedlove is inferior to the little white girl, as shown when the little girl calls her by the nickname "Polly." By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. When the bigger plan went to crap, the Maginot Line went along with it.". And like any trench, it belonged to the . creating and saving your own notes as you read. The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Gnie (STG), overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Rgions Fortifies (CORF). [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. [30] The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action. These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. In contrast, the opposing German Army Group C only contained 19 divisions, fewer than a seventh of the force committed in the Manstein Plan for the invasion of France. The three prostitutes are nice to her, which makes her love them.. Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. She lies in an empty lot ruminating and then heads home. Pecola is about to use a wagon to bring the wash back to the Breedlove storefront, and Mrs. Breedlove says that the MacTeer sisters can walk back with her. He tortures the family cat and harasses children who come to the nearby playground. This points toward a source of Pecola's suffering: she cannot see herself, because she is invisible to so many. 3. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. It breaks and the girls run away, scared. Want 100 or more? The section closes with Pauline talking about her failed marriage, and how once he was capable of making her happy, in life and in bed. The white family's home stands in stark contrast to the home the Breedloves live in. Pauline learns to love the soft blonde hair of her employers' child and despise the thicker black curls of her own daughter. The houses are sturdier, literally because they are better constructed than the houses in the black section of town, and symbolically as the families that live in them are more stable than the black families in the story. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. He despises Darlene because his inability to protect her destroys his sense of his own masculinity. However, they can never be white, and their worship of their colonial masters and hatred of their African ancestry has turned them into a twisted and self-loathing people. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. Beyond that, the French were well aware of the contribution of Britain and its dominions to the victory of 1918. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces. Of the roughly 8.5 million French soldiers mobilized in 1914 to fight Germany and the other Central Powers, more than 6 million became casualties, either killed, wounded or declared missing during four years of grueling trench warfare. She is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues. Claudia does not yet know that her mother here is reacting to Frieda's assault by Mr. Henry. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. (one code per order). sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobsen1994 (, repeat of their First World War battle plan, British hardened field defences of World War II, Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions, "What's the stupidest thing a nation has ever done? Cholly refuses to give her money for better clothes, so she takes work housekeeping. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). LitCharts Teacher Editions. She asks where "Polly" is, something that infuriates Claudia because even Pecola calls her own mother "Mrs. For the girls, their mother's word is law: they dislike Marie based on their mother's dislike of Marie. This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas.[10]. Frieda narrates the whole story to Claudia: Mr. Henry made sexual advances at Frieda, who ran to tell her parents. The association between spring and the pain of being beaten not only speaks to the punishment Claudia and Frieda receives at home, but in a larger sense, foreshadows the brutal events that will occur in the narrative during the Spring season, including Frieda's sexual assault and Pecola's rape. When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. She feels real affection only for her cat. Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area. $24.99 What does the little girl call Mrs Breedlove? Flood Zones were natural basins or rivers that could be flooded on demand and thus constitute an additional obstacle in the event of an enemy offensive. On a Saturday in spring, Claudia goes inside and finds Frieda crying. Maginot Line. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. The specification of the defences was very high, with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men; there were 45 main forts (grands ouvrages) at intervals of 15km (9.3mi), 97 smaller forts (petits ouvrages) and 352 casemates between, with over 100km (62mi) of tunnels. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. This chapter emphasizes the ignorance and confusion that accompany Friedas experience of becoming a sexual being. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! He cannot stand contact with people, but he hoards the little bits of junk from people's everyday lives. It was a series of bunkers, forts, turrets, and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. The playground for whites only lets the girls know that they are in a place where they are not welcomed based purely on the color of their skin. The one adult love of his life, a woman named Velma, marries him but then leaves him soon afterward. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Pecola, who calls the Maginot line by her true name, Miss Marie, explains that she is not dangerous. French strategy, therefore, envisioned a move into Belgium to counter a German assault. Subsequently the Line was of minimal military importance, and many of the fortress divisions surrendered without even fighting. Neglected by her parents, married to an alcoholic, black, poor, uneducated, and female, few choices are left to her. The MacTeers boarder, who has a reputation for being a steady worker and a quiet man. She is lonely and imaginative. France lost about 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, while . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. A middle-class Black woman who, though she keeps house flawlessly and diligently cares for the physical appearances of herself and her family (including her husband, Louis, and her son, Junior), is essentially cold. She takes care of the Fishers better than her own family, and there is a strange parallel between her care of the Fishers' daughter and the care of blonde dolls described by Claudia earlier in the novel. Czechoslovakia also feared Hitler and began building its own defences. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! 15. He goes from being the young lover to the naked black boy, forced to go on with sex while two bigger and stronger men watch. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. As with his son Sammy, who is always running away from home, Cholly's gender gives him a degree of agency that Pecola and Pauline simply do not have. Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in line by bombarding it directly without harm. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. Her jealousy shows her inability to conceptualize the trauma incurred during such an experience. She has renounced her own black family for the family of her white employer. Still, Cain said that the location would be challenging to light and film inside and that artificial sets could be constructed at the studios for a fraction of the cost. The officers' corps by no means acknowl-edged defeat. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. Please wait while we process your payment. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Origin of Marie. Battles on the Western front were little effected by the Line. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." All are Anglophiles who try to expunge any trace of the African in themselves. 8. SparkNotes PLUS Mrs. Breedlove sticks her head out the door, is introduced to the girls, and tells them they can wait with Pecola for the laundry and then walk back to town with her. [18], France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire, as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known. Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). The false sense of security contributed "to the development of the "Maginot mentality". The Maginot Line was invulnerable to aerial bombings and tank fire; it featured underground railways as a backup. He lives in Macon, Georgia, and is short, balding, and mean. Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Morrison Deconstructs White Standards of Beauty in The Bluest Eye, The Unexamined Other: Confronting the Social Hypocrisy of Maureen in The Bluest Eye. A light-skinned, wealthy Black girl who is new at the local school. The way the content is organized, These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. The community knows. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. [46] Historians have pointed to numerous reasons for the French defeat: faulty strategy and doctrine, dispersion of forces, the loss of command and control, poor communications, faulty intelligence that provided excessive German numbers, the slow nature of the French response to the German penetration of the Ardennes and a failure to understand the nature and speed of the German doctrine. Then another neighbor, Miss Dunion, came in and suggested that they take Frieda to the doctor because she might be ruined, a fear that now makes Frieda weep. This section presents a powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves. "With the Maginot Line, Joffre's idea was to take these fortifications that France had had for 200 years and bring them into the mid-20th century," says Kirchubel. Subscribe now. 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