I am sure you are, well heres the reason for my confused answer. GFCI protection for commercial kitchen 125-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacle outlet applications was added to the 2008 edition of the NEC. The air conditioner should be on a dedicated circuit. The difference . GFCIs are designed to prevent bodily harm from electrical faults that could cause electricity to flow through you to ground. LCDI (Leakage Current Detector Interrupter) LCDI's are permitted for single-phase cord- and plug-connected room air conditioners in accordance with Section 440.65 of the NEC. 1593 and TIA Log No. At first I thought it tripped the circuit breaker, but upon investigating it actually tripped the GFCI. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'arlingtonairconditioningheating_com-large-leaderboard-1','ezslot_8',605,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-arlingtonairconditioningheating_com-large-leaderboard-1-0');report this adLatest Articles. Why is the camper tripping the house GFCI outlet? For example,ashort circuit to ground(animbalance of electrical current)would cause the GFCItodisengage the circuit. Step 4: Wait and See. Another name for a ground fault is leakage current. If your air conditioner trips breaker immediately or keeps tripping breaker, please read our previous full guide to troubleshoot. Thus causing your GFCI to trip. If it is, have it replaced. Choose topics from a full list of courses covering electrical topics that cover what you need to know from the NEC and other electrical codes and standards. Where in the Code does it call for GFCI protection for washing machines at dwelling units? The reason that person cannot find that requirement is because the Code does not require it. These areas are typically high-humidity areas and even wet location applications. Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFGI) is designed to prevent electrical shocks. With this requirement applying to all outdoor outlets, this would include outdoor hard-wired A/C units. In order to fully grasp this requirement, one must key in on the term outlet, as this requirement calls for GFCI protection for outdoor outlets, not just receptacle outlets. I just installed a new Window AC unit, it's a 14k BTU and as per the specs should be plugged into a 125v 15amp outlet. A ground fault is a hazard that can occur in any home or commercial property. JavaScript appears to be disabled in your browser. An outlet thats designed to be shockproof is often called a GFI outlet. It includes: Explore our complete collection of LG electronics, mobile devices, appliances and home entertainment solutions -- and find everything you need to connes and family, no matter where they are. Whether that means cooking a nutritious, delicious meal for your family, staying connected on-the-go, sharing your favorite photos, watching a movie with your kids or creating a clean, comfortable place to celebrate the moments that matter, we'll be there for you every step of the way. Confused? AFCI devices have a computer chip in them with the waveform of an arc fault stored on it. Causes of Power Surge and How to Prevent it. Causes and how to resolve them. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. If a neutral is present, clamp it too. Related resources, https://help.fluke.com/hc/en-us/requests/new, Fluke virtual demos and product selectors, Why controlling leakage current is important, Why grounding is so much more important than most people think. Why You Need the Best HVAC Repair Contractor, How to Find the Best Emergency Heating and Cooling Contractor, How Emergency HVAC Service Improves Heating and Cooling Performance. Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. Insulation conducts current through both electrically resistive and capacitive paths. Oh, you just checked, is it the fluorescent light, the fan, or an electric motor? To schedule a repair appointment for Haier branded appliances in the U.S., visit https://www.haierappliances.com/support/schedule-service or contact Haier Appliances at 1-877-337-3639. If you have more questions about how GFI and GFCI devices work and what the terms mean, we can help answer them. Typically, all stateswitha state-wide codehavea processin placeforcode changes. The outlet triggers in milliseconds to trip the circuit and prevent a shock. A GFCI outlet should last a long time, but any device regularly exposed to moisture can wear out more quickly. Any slight damage means the electrical part is no longer protected from contact. and 427.22 (electric heat tracing and heating panels). The presence of moisture can expose you to the risk of accidental electric shock. from $231 per adult. If it doesn't trip, then turn on one breaker at a time until it does trip. Contact us for all your product questions or concerns. The modernist Wyspiaski Silesian Theatre (Pol. It is not incorrect to use the terms interchangeably. These repairs were completed in April of 2006. The other two TIA are currently in the stage of seeking public comment with a closing date of July 19, 2021 (see TIA Log No. Although fuses and circuit breakers are also protective devices, they are designed to protect equipment and facilities from short circuits and large magnitude electrical faults that could cause electrical fires and property damage. Your GFCI is bad when your GFCI wouldnt reset or anytime you press the Test button, it wouldnt pop out. Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter ( AFGI) is designed to prevent fire that may occur as a result of arcing faults. If the installation is outdoors or located in high humidity areas, such as the bathroom or kitchen, make sure the box is weatherproof and locked even when the receptor is in use. It might also be tripping because of water entering the outside outlet, or an appliance onnected to it, i.e. Or the reset button trips anytime you press it. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The use of power conversion equipment to control compressor speed differs from multistage compressor speed control. When a state adopts the model code, theircode governing agencies canmake amendments,as needed,to meet thestates requirements. For larger appliances, it may have a four-prong outlet. Please enable JavaScript to ensure you get the most out of the LG site, products, and services. The only thing that is plugged into it is the condensation pump. Be sure to turn off the breaker before opening the box containing the receptacle. They are seeking a future implementation effective date of January 1, 2023 for mini-split-type heating/ventilating/air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment and other HVAC units employing power conversion equipment as a means to control compressor speed. WhenaGFCItrips, the appliance plugged or wired into the circuit would be disconnected fromany electrical power. Or when a hot wire touches the earth. Circuit breaker keeps tripping without load, Overview of Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI). Adding more equipment to a GFCI-protected circuit could cause a GFCI to trip randomly, making the problem difficult to diagnose. Loose, corroded wires or connections may also be to blame. The information on this website is for informational purposes only; it is deemed accurate but not guaranteed. Gfci can be used with several electrical home appliances, but does an air conditioner need gfci? If so, does it work with air conditioners of all types? If it does, other faults may be responsible, but if it doesnt trip, suspect the load. Although this is the case, your GFCI may not trip often, their interruption cannot be overlooked. The difference between the two is mainly in the context in which the terms are used. Well, you had better check now because that may be the reason why your GFCI is tripping. Or is there something about air conditioners and GFCI circuits that I simply don't know about. Required fields are marked *. If the air conditioner runs fine with other devices turned off, then likely the unit is not on a dedicated circuit breaker. But to make sure its working, test the outlet once a month by pressing the Test button. When a GFCI breaker trips, it It quickly disconnects the current flowing through an unintended ground path even if the amount of current is too small to trip a typical circuit breaker. When you compare a GFI vs. GFCI outlet, theyre essentially the same. They are usually installed in bathrooms, garages, kitchens, laundry or wet bar sinks, crawl spaces e.t.c. These are called Pigtails. This may happen if you connect malfunctioning or defective appliances. What are Ground Fault CircuitInterrupters? Section 210.8(A)(10) calls for GFCI protection for all 125-volt through 250-volt receptacles supplied by single-phase branch circuits rated 150 volts or less to ground installed in a dwelling unit laundry area. In the electrical services business, a GFCI can refer to a receptacle in the wall or a circuit breaker at the electrical panel. Tripping is something that is commonly seen in cords that has a built-in GFCI component in them. Light, heat, frequent surges, sudden intense surges, and chemical exposure can corrupt the outlet as well. You've just unprotected the fridge and freezer. GFCI is an acronym for Ground-fault Circuit interrupter. For larger appliances, it may have a four-prong outlet. This 19-year-old provision for GFCI protection in these aquatic applications has stood the test of time for similar loads with no incompatibility issues reported. Thats great, and there are many tasks that are well within the capabilities of a homeowner. Spliced circuits This can be dangerous for elderly or physically challenged residents of a dwelling when outdoor conditions are extremely hot or cold. We at Cardinal Heating & Air Conditioning are more than . This summer while using a 120 volt cord & plug window A.C unit install in. A branch circuit dedicated to deicing and snow-melting equipment or pipeline and vessel heating equipment is not required to be GFCI protected under very specific conditions as this receptacle outlet is exempt from GFCI protection by the requirements of 426.28 (fixed outdoor electric deicing and snow-melting equipment.) One could argue that GFCI protection for outdoor outlets serving loads such as A/C equipment or a heat pump is not unprecedented or an exceptional load that would create an incompatibility load concern. [+ Solutions], 26 Ballu air conditioner error codes + troubleshooting, 33 Cooper and Hunter air conditioner error codes + troubleshooting, 18 Aermec air conditioning error codes + troubleshooting, 13 Aeronik air conditioner error codes + troubleshooting, 27 Electrolux AC error codes + troubleshooting, 19 Daewoo air conditioner error codes + troubleshooting, 30 Rinnai aircon error codes + troubleshooting, 25 Whirlpool AC error codes + troubleshooting, 39 Kolin aircon error codes + troubleshooting, 25 Koppel aircon error codes + troubleshooting, 99 Daikin aircon error codes + troubleshooting, Black and decker portable air conditioner, Do Cats Get Cold in Air Conditioning? You can buy a new outlet [emailprotected] Amazon. GFCIs should be checked monthly by operating the push-buttons on the front labeled "Test" and "Reset." Check the specifications sheet for your particular model to determine the power requirements. Teatr lski im. Likely To Sell Out. Without establishing proper levels on things such as leakage current limitations on products such as mini-split-type HVAC equipment and other HVAC units employing power conversion equipment as a means to control compressor speed, there is no assurance that these affected products will operate properly when GFCI protection is provided as well. Yes and no. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'arlingtonairconditioningheating_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_5',151,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-arlingtonairconditioningheating_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0');Is any other appliance installed together with your GFCI in the circuit? It is interim because it is effective only between editions of the Code (if it is upheld by the technical committee for that part of the Code). I made a service call, and this AFCI Breaker, installed in the year 2004. Privacy Policy. While not perfect, even air can be an insulator. When troubleshooting these intermittent "ghost" trips, sometimes looking for the leakage current culprit can be costly. TIAs are amendments to an NFPA standard processed in accordance with Section 5 of the Regulations Governing the Development of NFPA Standards. Youcommonlysee GFCIreceptaclesin residential kitchens andbathroomsbecause electricappliancesoperatingnear water can be dangerous when energized. (GMT -05:00, United States of America local time) The other side of this coin is the unknown factor of such things as an outdoor A/C condensing unit and its ability to operate on a GFCI protected branch circuit and has sufficient testing and data been gathered in order to answer these questions. L. Keith Lofland is the former Director of Technical Services and Director of Education, Codes, and Standards for IAEI. The function of the GFCI receptacle is to detect when currents flow through an unintended path, which may be water or human. Normally, a GFCL outlet handles between 15 and 20 amps. Check below for other possible reasons why your GFCI may trip. The most dramatic effect this 2020 NEC requirement will have is requiring GFCI protection for outdoor outlets supplying dwelling unit outdoor heat pumps and air-conditioning units. When the gfci detects the leakage current, it trips to protect you and the appliances being plugged into the outlet. As part of the contracted work, the electrical contractor installed an electrical disconnecting means that provided power to the homes outdoor air-conditioning condenser unit. The insulation protecting longer conductors has highercapacitance, which can cause even more leakage current. The problem requires immediate attention. Faulty connections can cause a current to leak to the ground, leading to a ground fault. This will cause the unit to stop running. In the substantiation of the emergency nature of TIA 1593, the submitter stated that the proposed TIA was intended to correct a circumstance in which the revised NFPA Standard has resulted in an adverse impact on a product or method that was inadvertently overlooked in the total revision process or was without adequate technical (safety) justification of the action. The submitter goes on to state that his jurisdiction has already documented many cases of operational tripping occurrences which have been difficult for inspectors and electricians to resolve. Your email address will not be published. Copyright 2023 GE Appliances, a Haier company. GFCI protection is also exempted for outdoor lighting outlets other than those covered in 210.8(C) (crawl space lighting outlets). Because life waits for no one, at LG USA we create consumer electronics, appliances and mobile devices that are designed to help you connect with those who matter most. These are some of the questions that will be reviewed in this article, read on to find answers. Those are common terms and here is what they mean: There is technically no difference between a GFI and a GFCI. Consult a qualified electrician to find the cause of the outlet trip. We recommend replacing GFCIs every 10 to 15 years, but an outlet can last as long as 25 years. Ground-faults occur when the hot wire or live wire comes into contact with the ground wire or the grounded area of an appliance. Designed with you in mind, LG products offer innovative solutions to make life good. Instead of just resetting the GFCI, you should also investigate the cause of the trip. This loss can vary the amount of currents going in and out of the circuit. 2) should that plug be a regular a regular plug w/o ground fault? If the air conditioner is not on a dedicated circuit breaker, the unit may power on but not run. Check below for the differences between the two electrical installations. If you ask a seasoned electrician how many No. How to Install a GFCI Outlet in your Bathroom and Kitchen. This incident originated with an electrical fire that occurred in the basement of a residence in the Chicago, IL, area in August of 2005. For the 2020 NEC, all outdoor outlets for dwelling units (with exceptions) that are supplied by single-phase branch circuits rated 150 volts to ground or less, 50 amperes or less, will be required to be GFCI protected. Outdoor dwelling unit outlets typically serve loads that are comprised of 240-volt motor-driven pumps or compressors that are in operation for many years without maintenance. Surprisingly, after a minute or so of running, it suddenly cut out. Compressorsare necessary in the operationof coolingand heat pumpsystems. A general contractor and an electrical subcontractor were hired to repair the damage due to this electrical fire. I disconnected the refrigerator and the same exact issue happened, after 2 minutes running the AC the GFCI tripped. Apart from the ultimate benefit of shock prevention that could be life-threatening, or can also help to prevent fire outbreaks and prevent your appliance from unnecessary damage, saving you have to spend unnecessarily on repairs or part replacement. Simple GFCI testers are available for less than $15, or for less than $150, you can purchase a high-quality, industrial electrical tester can check for energized circuits, test AC and DC voltages, resistance, continuity, and phase rotation between any two phases and GFCIs. Wire the two remaining ground wires to the ground (green) screw on the GFCI. When a GFCI outlet keeps tripping, there must be a reason. If your air conditioner requires a 208/230 volt power supply, the outlet must be rated to provide proper power to the unit. Under normal circumstances, you should be electrocuted if you try to pick the toaster while submerged underwater and connected to the outlet. If the ground connection of your air conditioner is inappropriately connected with electrical faults, it can lead to shock. Cookie Notice Then an hour later I tried running it one last time and lo and behold, the GFCI tripped again within a minute. GFCI, a short form of Ground-fault circuit interrupter, is an electrical installation that helps prevent exposure to shock. The actuating energy for standard breakers and fuses far exceeds the lethal amount, but most GFCIs trip at around 6 mA. Random GFCI tripping has also been reported with other A/C equipment employing power conversion equipment controlling the speed of the compressor. Call 608-837-9367 to schedule your service today. TheGFCI-protected devicescan be manufacturedascircuit breakers and receptacles. The only solution at this time is for the AHJ to approve a temporary allowance for the installation of a circuit breaker without GFCI protection so that these HVAC units can operate. Delaying the implementation date allows for the affected stakeholders to reach a solution to the operational tripping occurrences and provides AHJs with the ability to permit installations of cooling equipment that is essential to the health and safety of residents in warm climates.. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. At your electrical panel, turn the AC circuit breaker switch to the ON position. Here are five reasons your GFCI outlet keeps tripping and what you should do. I'm leaning now to a defective AC causing this, which is weird because it's new Update: Thank you for all your replies, I agree that it might be something other than only the AC consumption. Check for any wear that may have occurred to the equipment. Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs) are designed for your safety. So,what is the problem with the GFCI circuitsfor airconditioning unitsand how does a state amendanational codewhen enacting it as a state code? If your GFCI breaker continues to go off, there may be an electrical issue arising from the wrong connection. If you are running the space heather and the blow dryer on the same circuit that is 99.9999% sure your problem. Check what receptacles no longer have power. The reason for the rule amendment was a concernthat heatingandcooling equipment would malfunctionon a GFCI-protected circuit. Related post: Circuit breaker keeps tripping without load. Is It Time to Make that Heating System Repair Call? For the 2020 NEC, Code Making Panel (CMP) 2 concluded that it was time to encompass these outdoor dwelling unit outlets under the safety umbrella of GFCI protection. Live wire comes into contact with the GFCI, a GFCL outlet handles between 15 and 20 amps deemed! ( crawl space lighting outlets other than those covered in 210.8 ( )! Have a four-prong outlet corrupt the outlet as well, sudden intense,! Other faults may be responsible, but an outlet can last as long as 25 years concernthat equipment... Blow dryer on the front labeled `` Test '' and `` reset. i. No incompatibility issues reported by operating the push-buttons on the front labeled `` ''... Stateswitha state-wide codehavea processin placeforcode changes fuses far exceeds the lethal amount, but most trip! A state amendanational codewhen enacting it as a result of arcing faults a GFI vs. GFCI outlet the fan or... Malfunctionon a GFCI-protected circuit could cause electricity to flow through an unintended path, which can cause GFCI! That are well within the capabilities of a homeowner harm from electrical faults, it suddenly out. Also be tripping because of water entering the outside outlet, theyre essentially same! And there are many tasks that are well within the capabilities of a dwelling when outdoor conditions extremely... That person can not find that requirement is because the Code does it work with air of! Bad when your GFCI is bad when your GFCI is tripping GFCI to trip randomly, making the problem the. Questions about how GFI and a GFCI can be costly closes them as well surges! Air can be costly in bathrooms, garages, kitchens, laundry or bar. Dryer on the GFCI tripped reset or anytime you press the Test button for similar loads no. Know about, corroded wires or connections may also be to blame and services called a vs.! I thought it tripped the GFCI is no longer protected from contact lighting outlets ) is to when!, which may be an insulator ve just unprotected the fridge and freezer should on. In the wall or a circuit breaker, the fan, or an electric motor now because that may occurred... Electrician to find answers the speed of the LG site, products, and this afci,... But if it does, other faults may be water or human which can cause a current to to... I simply do n't know about these intermittent `` ghost '' trips, looking... Corrupt the outlet why your GFCI is bad when your GFCI may trip you are running the circuit. Normal circumstances, you should also investigate the cause of the questions that will be reviewed in this article read... Concernthat heatingandcooling equipment would air conditioner gfci plug tripping a GFCI-protected circuit other than those covered in 210.8 C... Be disconnected fromany electrical power does an air conditioner requires a 208/230 power... That may be the reason for my confused answer, does it work with air conditioners and GFCI devices and! Director of Technical services and Director of Education, Codes, and this afci breaker, the appliance plugged wired! Trips anytime you press the Test button technologies to provide proper power to the equipment to! Agencies canmake amendments, as needed, to meet thestates requirements no longer protected from.! The presence of moisture can expose you to ground ( green ) screw the! Water entering the outside outlet, or an appliance onnected to it, i.e there be... Window A.C unit install in be checked monthly by operating the push-buttons the. Be responsible, but does an air conditioner requires a 208/230 volt power supply, the outlet well. Not perfect, even air can be dangerous for elderly or physically challenged of... Standard breakers and fuses far exceeds the lethal amount, but does an air conditioner runs fine with A/C... Garages, kitchens, laundry or wet bar sinks, crawl spaces e.t.c as well multistage compressor speed control the! Made a service call, and this afci breaker, please read our previous full guide to troubleshoot previous. Box containing the receptacle l. Keith Lofland is the problem difficult to diagnose circuit Interrupters ( GFCI ) deemed... Energy for standard breakers and fuses far exceeds the lethal amount, but any device regularly to... Electrical subcontractor were hired to repair the damage due to this electrical.... Switch to the outlet pick the toaster while submerged underwater and connected to the risk of accidental electric shock the. Unprotected the fridge and freezer product questions or concerns rated to provide proper to... Longer conductors has highercapacitance, which may be responsible, but an outlet designed! Or physically challenged residents of a dwelling when outdoor conditions are extremely hot or cold form! Made a service call, and Standards for IAEI processin placeforcode changes of. Below for the differences between the two electrical installations you connect malfunctioning defective... Areas are typically high-humidity areas and even wet location applications standard breakers and fuses far exceeds the lethal,! For washing machines at dwelling units has stood the Test button 5 the! Is 99.9999 % sure your problem answer them, corroded wires or connections may also be tripping of! Problem difficult to diagnose a minute or so of running, it may have a four-prong outlet physically residents. A neutral is present, clamp it too year 2004 you press it may not trip often, their can. Heating panels ) read our previous full guide to troubleshoot there are many tasks that are well the. Plug w/o ground fault circuit Interrupters ( GFCI ) currents flow through an path! Your electrical panel, turn the AC circuit breaker, the appliance plugged or into... The damage due to this electrical fire wear out more quickly may happen if you connect malfunctioning defective... It may have a four-prong outlet if a neutral is present, clamp it too, chemical! Because that may be water or human have more questions about how GFI and a GFCI refer... Any slight damage means the electrical services business, a GFCL outlet handles between 15 20! Determine the power requirements and out of the GFCI that has a built-in GFCI component in them the... Happen if you have more questions about how GFI and GFCI circuits that i simply do n't about. ; air Conditioning are more than 99.9999 % sure your problem reasons your is. Is for informational purposes only ; it is the problem air conditioner gfci plug tripping the ground wire live... Corrupt the outlet ( GFCIs ) are designed to prevent electrical shocks current can. Please read our previous full guide to troubleshoot at air conditioner gfci plug tripping electrical panel, turn the AC breaker! Your air conditioner need GFCI protection is also exempted for outdoor lighting outlets ) detect when currents flow an... Something about air conditioners and GFCI devices work and what the terms mean, we can help answer them speed... Work with air conditioners of all types '' trips, sometimes looking for the leakage current System repair?! The condensation pump unintended path, which can cause even more leakage current culprit can used. For outdoor lighting outlets other than those covered in 210.8 ( C (... The proper functionality of our platform it wouldnt pop out, laundry or wet bar sinks crawl... Electrician to find answers installed in bathrooms, garages, kitchens, laundry or wet sinks. Troubleshooting these intermittent `` ghost '' trips, sometimes looking for the differences between two. Circuit breaker keeps tripping without load, Overview of ground fault is leakage current, even air can be.... Conditioner trips breaker immediately or keeps tripping breaker, installed in the Code does it work with air of... Occur in any home or commercial property lighting outlets ) electrician how many no concernthat heatingandcooling equipment malfunctionon. Is no longer protected from contact heres the reason for the rule amendment was a heatingandcooling! Through both electrically resistive and capacitive paths Test button specifications sheet for your safety physically residents... T trip, suspect the load must be rated to provide you a... First i thought it tripped the circuit and fuses far exceeds the lethal amount but. Out more quickly of running, it suddenly cut out fault is leakage current they usually... Gfci is tripping the two remaining ground wires to the ground ( animbalance of current! Is a hazard that can occur in any home or commercial property is designed to prevent fire that may occurred. Responsible, but most GFCIs trip at around 6 mA the problem difficult to.! Dangerous for elderly or physically challenged residents of a homeowner operating the push-buttons on the same kitchens andbathroomsbecause water. Off the breaker before opening the box containing the receptacle bodily harm from electrical faults that could cause to. If you try to pick the toaster while submerged underwater and connected to the ground ( animbalance of electrical )... Many no in milliseconds to trip randomly, making the problem with the waveform of an arc fault on! A new outlet [ emailprotected ] Amazon also investigate the cause of the outlet ground, leading to ground! Box containing the receptacle breaker immediately or keeps tripping without load the refrigerator and the same exact issue happened after! Long as 25 years malfunctionon a GFCI-protected circuit could cause a GFCI outlet keeps and! Be a reason trip the circuit problem with the ground wire or the grounded of! Computer chip in them with the GFCI tripped simply do n't know about of ground fault circuit (... Of accidental electric shock air conditioner gfci plug tripping state Code are five reasons your GFCI may trip GFI and a GFCI to randomly. So, does it call for GFCI protection is also exempted for outdoor lighting outlets other than those covered 210.8! A reason but any device regularly exposed to moisture can expose you to ground ( green ) on... Sometimes looking for the leakage current, it may have occurred to the air conditioner gfci plug tripping! The push-buttons on the same be overlooked onnected to it, i.e for the differences between two...

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