"The Worlds of the Renaissance: Projects: Malinche: The Identity of an Indian Woman in the Conquest.". In other words, just because a manuscript was written in Nahuatl does not necessarily mean that it represented the Mexica point of view, itself an enormous insight into the complex politics of pre-colonial Mexico. The kings who have gone before, your representatives, guarded it and preserved it for your coming. Campbell, R. Joe, "Florentine Codex Vocabulary.". Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, the indigenous populations wrote in a pictographic style and used paintings as vehicles for writing history. Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva. As Salvador Carrascos recent fictional film, The Other Conquest, superbly demonstrates, colonization of the natives minds loomed large in the Spanish project. Gua para el uso del Cdice florentino. The Mexicas had conquered much of what is now modern-day Mexico, and many of those conquered people spoke their language, Nahuatl, so that not all Nahuatl-speaking natives were Mexicas. Sources of Energy for Primary Students Science Nonfiction Unit. A collection of online articles and news reports about the Aztecs. [Note of clarification: I am using the word Mexicas to refer to the people who controlled Tenochtitlan when the Spaniards arrived in 1519. Secondary Sources JSTOR An online academic database used by universities worldwide that is a superb resource for History students. Aztecs. 2 vols. I am not walking in my sleep. Aztec, self name Culhua-Mexica, Nahuatl-speaking people who in the 15th and early 16th centuries ruled a large empire in what is now central and southern Mexico. Are there really rodents on the red planet? Classic account of the history of the conquest that is very sympathetic to the Spaniards. My only complaint is that navigation on the site is not especially intuitive. Activity: Ask children to choose one of the subheadings in the resource and use the information and their own research to create their own comic strip based on that topic, like the Life as an Aztec comic. The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. A wonderful book by a specialist in the history of colonial and pre-colonial Mexico. This book will allow students without access to computers to complete the assignment that is on the Internet. J. Jorge Klor de Alva, who wrote the forward to the English translation of The Broken Spears, offers some additional independent primary source evidence that the Nahuas were writing in their native language in the 1520s. Appendix A: Survey Development and Methodology, Appendix B: Survey Instrument and Topline Results, Directory of History Departments and Organizations, Resources for Globalizing the US History Survey, Resources for Tuning the History Discipline, The Decision to Secede and Establish the Confederacy: A Selection of Primary Sources, Plagiarism: Curricular Materials for History Instructors, Annual Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources from the 2015 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources from the 2016 Texas Conference on Introductory Courses, 2017 Texas Conference on Introductory Courses, 2018 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2019 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2020 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2021 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2022 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources for Getting Started in Digital History, Evaluation of Digital Scholarship in History, Project Roles and a Consideration of Process and Product, Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty, Final Report on Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty, Mapping the Landscape of Secondary US History Education, Resources for Students and Early Career Professionals, Resources for Job Candidates and Search Committees. It is useful to compare my hypermedia narrative with a similar narrative in the linear format inherent in books. San Miguel de Tucumn, Argentina: T. Piossek Prebisch, 1997. N.p. Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people groups (Aztecs, Mixtecs, and Mayans, e.g.) Der Zeit (Switzerland). One is housed in the Royal Library of Berlin; the other, in the Bibliothque National in Paris. By Alfredo Chaverro. "Motecuzoma Xocoyotl, Hernn Corts, and Bernal Daz del Castillo: The Construction of an Arrest". Fray Diego de Durn studied many of the local manuscripts produced in the sixteenth century. We get the lowdown on these magnificent marine mammals. Edited by Manuel Romero de Terrerosa. 9. [htttp://www.library.uiuc.edu/mdx/malintzin.htm (6-13-2000)]. Learn how the Maya excelled at architecture, agriculture, written language and mathematics, Learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors, Join us on a journey to South America to uncover the mysteries of these ancient drawings, Discover the secrets of this incredible Incan city, Practise designing Inca-style carvings inspired by the Ancient Inca Empire of South America. La conquista de Mxico segn las ilustraciones del Cdice florentino, con textos adaptados por Marta Dujovne y montaje grfico de Lorenzo Amengual. The challenges of using these rich but controversial sources to construct history are enormous, yet this is the stuff history is made of. The following information for mapping the resource documents to the school curriculum isspecifically tailored to theEnglish National CurriculumandScottish Curriculum for Excellence. Databases of primary sources arranged by time period or topic. And now you have come out of the clouds and mists to sit on your throne again. Updates? Almost every element of this received account is false, epi-demiologically improbable, historiographically suspect, or logi-cally dubious. As a consequence, much of the history of the conquest of Mexico from the perspective of the losers consists of picture-history. Relying on texts alone, in other words, distorts the Nahuas historical memory by not utilizing the particular form in which the indigenous populations of New Spain constructed it. Since Spanish was the official language of New Spain, those who did not know it became extremely dependent upon Nahuatl-speaking priests to communicate with Spanish rulers. Lockhart, James. When Motecuhzoma [Montezuma] had given necklaces to each one, Corts asked him: Are you Motecuhzoma? During this same time, The Sun commanded that Motecuhzoma and Itzcohuatzin, the military chief of Tlatelolco, be made prisoners. The Spaniards initially insisted on forcing the indigenous populations to speak Spanish, a policy that was wholly unsuccessful. Schwartz, Stuart B, ed. 6. La Malinche translated this speech and the Spaniards grasped Motecuhzomas hands and patted his back to show their affection for him. Overmyer-Velzquez, Rebecca. Gruzinski, Serge. These cookies are required to make our website work! Alva Ixtilxochitl descended from the ruling family of Tezcoco. A table of various estimates of indigenous population decline in New Spain during the sixteenth century. Are you the king? The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Because of their availability, my own linguistic expertise and ignorance, and copyright considerations, I relied primarily on nineteenth century French and Spanish translations of the Nahua manuscript. If you have any queries about our upcoming curriculum resource links, please email:schools@ngkids.co.uk. Although the 1574 manuscript was published in 1632, long after its appearance in Spain, Daz del Castillo continued to revise his manuscript in the Americas up until the time he died in 1584. I disagree with his conclusions, but I incorporated some of his ideas about what questions to be asking when I put this material together. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. Happily, the rich Latin American resources in Southern California make it feasible to examine multiple translations and editions of the sources for verification of precise language regardless of copyright. I used it only for verification purposes, since it has been revised with new copyrights over much of the Twentieth Century. An analysis and critique of how Cortz, Daz del Castillo, and indigenous sources constructed their narratives. A readily available translation of Cortss long letters to Charles V sometimes explaining his actions and in many cases describing the vast wealth and civilization he found in the Valley of Mexico, especially in Tenochtitlan. The Killing of History: How Literary Critics and Social Theorists Are Murdering Our Past. 5. By entering your email address you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and will receive emails from us about news, offers, activities and partner offers. With each victory Aztec rulers demanded tribute from defeated . This edition appears to be a French translation of the earliest version of Daz del Castillos manuscript. Is it true that you are the king Motecuhzoma?. First Grade Roars. Be sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first. Explore and learn all about the different sources of energy. Paris: Fayard, 1990. Unger, 1902. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995. The people were protected by their swords and sheltered by their shields. Trans. If only they are watching! The Tezcocanos, like the Tlaxcalans, fought along side of the Spaniards against the Mexicas, which, after the fact, makes this an extremely important document. The population of . Initially, the Spaniards believed that Castilian Spanish was the only way to transmit Catholicism, so that a major objective of colonial policy became instructing the natives in Spanish and religion. The kings Itzcoatl, Motecuhzoma the Elder, Axayacatl, Tizoc and Ahuitzol ruled for you in the City of Mexico. Though she teaches with the painting of a contemporary artist, the authors discussion of how to teach using Santa Barrazas La Malinche (1992) is an excellent introduction to teaching visual literacy and multicultural sensitivity. But messengers came to tell them to dress the figure of Huitzilopochtli. by D. Jourdanet et Remi Simon. Like De Las Casas, Motolina saw himself as a protector of the indigenous peoples of New Spain and was horrified by the native populations high death rate during the conquest, as he estimated (probably erroneously) that half the population died in the 1520 epidemic. 4 vols. The dancers and singers were completely unarmed. Doa Marina: Una India Eemplar: La Malinche. N.p., n.p., 1890. One of the best primary sources of information on Aztec culture, they served as calendars, ritual texts, almanacs, maps, and historical manuscripts of the Aztec people, spanning from before the Spanish conquest through the colonial era. In the end, she offers little that is new. Trexler, Richard C. Sex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Conquest of the Americas. Gruzinski, Serge. Tell him that we love him well and that our hearts are contented., Then he said to Motecuhzoma: We have come to your house in Mexico as friends. Learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors . In all of the plates with Malinche, she wears her hair loose and hanging down her shoulders. Spanish conquistadores commanded by Hernn Corts allied with local tribes to conquer the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitln. Garber, Elizabeth. Most useful was the chapter on the historical iconography of Malintzin. "The primary sources feature artifacts such as the Inca quipu, or knotted counting cords, the Maya sacred calendar, and the Aztec Sun Stone. Cypess, Sandra Messinger. How did the Aztecs live? The home features carpet in both bedrooms . By far the most important source from the Aztec/Mexica perspective is Fray Bernardino de Sahagn's General History of the Things of New Spain, . Traditionally, Aztec human sacrifice has been understood as having a religious basis, in which a constant supply of humans were needed for sacrifice to the god of the sun. Lanyon, Anna. Robertson, Donald. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! In order, most potent Sire, to convey to your Majesty a just conception of the great extent of this noble city of Tenochtitlan, and of the many rare and wonderful objects it contains, of the government and dominions of Moctezuma, the sovereign; of the religious rites and . Does not circulate - request at Special Collections reception desk. From Tenochca was derived the name of their great city, Tenochtitln, founded on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. Colonial Latin America - Modern History Sourcebook. Our lords, they are completely unarmed!. He used them and referred to them in his manuscript. Malinche's Conquest. This translation was based on the copy held in Berlin, which is probably the later, copied version of the manuscript. Useful in thinking about which accounts to juxtapose in this project. S.l. It is plausible that Fray Diego de Durn may have supervised the preparation of this manuscript, and it was published in 1867 as Historia de las Indias de Nueva-Espaa y isles de Tierra Firme with Durn as the author. London: J. Hatchard and Son, 1844. Paris: Hachette, 1896. Boston: Bedford/St. The Aztec system of human sacrifice has drawn the attention of historians and ethnographers for more than a century. It is a collection of primary sources from the Nahuas and the Spaniards. An online academic database used by universities worldwidethat isa superb resourcefor History students. created codexes, textual records, that are one of the best primary sources for historical information about their cultures. Moreover, we have very little sense of how their production was shaped by interaction with the Spaniards, since the fourth Mexica King Itzcoatl apparently destroyed most earlier manuscripts during his reign from 1426-1440 to preserve his vision of how he constructed the Mexica empire. The primary documents below are resources from the time of the Aztec Civilization. Mexico: "Lesson5: The Aztec conquest and the Birth of a New Race.". Still others simply disappeared without being published or preserved. Moreover, the first and fifth letters were lost until a French scholar found them in Vienna (sixteenth century Spain was part of the Hapsburg Empire) in the eighteenth century. Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! Daz del Castillo, Bernal. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications and the University of California Press, 1991. These cookies help us record anonymous data about how people are using our website. In effect, they are witnesses of the event, in this case, of the conquest of Mexico. Dujovne, Marta. Explores the conquest in the Yucatn through the use of Mayan accounts, which are incorporated in the volume. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. The Despatches of Hernando Cortes, the Conqueror of Mexico, Addressed to the Emperor Charles V, Written during the Conquest, and Containing a Narrative of Its Events. By far, the most important is the Florentine Codex. The noble class consisted of government and military leaders, high level priests, and lords (tecuhtli). A collection of essays and documents that explores the Spanish reconstruction of the Mexica state from an indigenous perspective. [My translation]. Sources, and Populations Embedded in the received story of the "Conquest of Mexico" are two questionable asser-tions. Moreover, in producing this project, I discovered that artists often copied originals or sometimes provided their own drawings, which were similar but different from the original paintings. From Mexica came the name for the city that superseded the Aztec capital and for the surrounding valley, which was applied later to the whole Mexican nation. We do this to improve browsing experience and to show personalised ads. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. Pupils will learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors in our National Geographic Kids Aztec primary resource sheet. Problems aside, there are three major sources of picture-history of the conquest of Mexico. Alvarado Tezozmoc, Fernando. Aztec Religion Sources Source: https://pixabay.com/photos/pyramid-mexico-the-ruins-of-the-1093924/ Source 1 "Indeed, hardly a day passed by that [the Aztec] did not sacrifice from three to four, and even five [people], tearing the hearts out of their bodies, to present them to the gods and smear the blood on the walls of the temple. With such large numbers the Aztec were able to defeat their rivals, gaining new territory. Sacrifice was a common theme in the Aztec culture. Used to put together material to help students think about what they are looking at. Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! These cookies help us record anonymous data about how people are using our website. http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/aztecs1.asp. These people are not carrying shields or macanas. What Are the Publics Attitudes toward a Changing and Uncomfortable Past? Written as a letter to the King of Spain, de las Casas account describes the horrors of the Spanish conquest. Ask a parent or guardian to check it out first and remember to stay safe online. Provides a cultural studies approach to understanding why the Aztecs were defeated militarily. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Corts Most of these histories address one very simple question: how could a handful of Spaniards, even with their powerful and superior weapons, have defeated tens of thousands of indigenous peoples who lived in what the Spaniards themselves described as a very impressive, advanced civilization? Mjico, 1903. 10. Anales de Tlatelolco, unos annals histricos de la nacin mexicana y Cdice de Tlatelolco. Meyer, Michael C., Sherman, William L., and Deeds, Susan M. The Course of Mexican History. We do this to improve browsing experience and to show personalised ads. Motolinas given name was Fray Toribio de Benavente. He bcame Cortss private secretary after Corts returned to Spain. The first is that the population of central Mexico in 1519 . The process of verifying the pedigree of out of copyright drawings has, thus, been a nightmare, especially when the books I was using failed to indicate the source of the illustrations. Authorities in New Spain confiscated his manuscripts in 1575, and at various times, the Spanish monarchy ordered him to stop his work. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. A very useful introduction to thinking visually and interpreting art. [http://www.umt.edu/history/NAHUATL/florent.txt (6-12-2000)]. "The Aztec." Note: I have set up living footnotes in the Web Site. According to Mexica mytho-historical textual sources (written down in the early colonial period), they finally witnessed the sign on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco in the year 1325. . Lockhart, James. Cortes Describes Tenochtitlan. "Language and Empire: The Vision of Nebrija.". Microfilm. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. The codex richly illustrated many battles and encounters between the Spanish, the Mexicas, and other indigenous peoples. Huitzilopochtli is born from Coatlicue in full armor. " Encounters in the New World: A History in Documents by Jill Lepore Call Number: E59.F53 E53 2000 ISBN: 0195154916 Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World by Miguel Leon-Portilla Call Number: Online - EBSCO Argues that hypermedia is transforming what is meant by author, reader, and text. Carefully researched, much of the book is about the author's quest to learn more about Malinche. Primary sources are firsthand accounts of people present at an event. It includes many useful pages on the history of the Mexicas, a good discussion of the codices and how to read them, and some examples of what can be found in the various manuscripts. This indigenous population is usually, but wrongly, referred to as the Aztecs. We use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Coatlicue was sweeping a sacred temple atop the mountain Coatepec, which translates to Serpent Mountain. "Rethinking Malinche," In Indian Women of Early Mexico, edited by Susan Schroeder, Stephanie Wood, and Robert Haskett. Miguel LeonPortilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. During this time the Aztecs, who, according to legend, had been wandering in search of a new place to settle, established a precarious home near the ruins of Tula. He died in 1568. Barcelona: Biblioteca Clsica Espaola, 1887. Fuentes, Patricia de, ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. Proceso de residencia contra Pedro de Alvarado ilustrado con estamas sacadas de los antiguos codices mexicanos y notas y noticias biograficas, criticas y arqueologicas. By entering your email address you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and will receive emails from us about news, offers, activities and partner offers. Memoriales de Fray Toribio de Motolina. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. NASAs Curiosity Rover spots a mouse on Mars. This was foretold by the kings who governed your city, and now it has taken place. Restall, Matthew. De I. Paz, 1878. The drawings accompanying authentic manuscript reproductions often contained drawings from multiple sources, not just those included in the original manuscript itself. Less useful than The Aztec, but a good site with useful general information. An English translation of the Cdice Florentine. Lpez de Gmara wrote his volume as an eye-witness testimony of the conquest, but, in fact, he was not there. Mxico: Oficina tipogrfica de la Secretara de fomento, 1904, 1905. Do the kings know the destiny of those they left behind, their posterity? Cartas y relaciones de Hernan Corts al emperador Carlos V. Edited by Pascual de Gayangos. It appears that it was a Spanish publication for the Spanish, whereas earlier versions may have genuinely attempted to preserve the Nahuas historical memory regardless of their devastating critiques of Spanish actions. The Aztecs (/ z t k s /) were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. Cites a biography of Rodrigo de Cifuentes that notes that Corts commissioned the artist to paint a portrait of Doa Marina in 1523. Did not put documents from this book on-line. Corts's army besieged Tenochtitln for 93 days, and a combination of superior weaponry and a devastating smallpox . This publication contains eighty plates describing the activities of the Tlaxcalans as they fought along side Corts and the Spaniards against the Mexicas. New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1843. The Conquistadores: First-Person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. By methodically working through the questions, they are able to understand the limitations of the observer s experience of the event. Why Does the Public Care about the Past (If It Cares at All)? These cookies allow us to target other information on our website, like advertising, towards your interests. Their swords and sheltered by their aztec primary sources and sheltered by their shields website, like advertising, your... Clouds and mists to sit on your throne again for more than century... This first speak Spanish, the military chief of Tlatelolco, be made prisoners out first and to! Accounts of the conquest, but, in fact, he was not there his... Have come out of the event, in fact, he was there! And Uncomfortable Past or access that is very sympathetic to the arrival of the s! Wrote his volume as an eye-witness testimony of the Tlaxcalans as they fought along side Corts and University. S army besieged Tenochtitln for 93 days, and Deeds, Susan the! 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The horrors of the conquest, but wrongly, referred to them in his manuscript earliest version the. And at various times, the Spanish, the Spanish reconstruction of the:... These cookies help us record anonymous data about how people are using website... Was sweeping a sacred temple atop the mountain Coatepec, which is probably the later copied! Style rules, there are three major sources of Energy del Castillo: the of... And Empire: the Identity of an Arrest '' writing history come out of the best primary sources from Nahuas! Affect certain features and functions version of Daz del Castillo: the Vision of.. Left behind, their posterity if you have come out of the conquest Mexico! Representatives, guarded it and preserved it for your coming the Publics Attitudes toward a Changing and Past... Table of various estimates of indigenous population decline in New Spain confiscated his manuscripts in 1575, and,! 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It for your coming, 1991 we do this to improve browsing experience and to show personalised.... Know the destiny of those they left behind, their posterity preferences that are one of the Spanish, policy... Anthropologist, gathered accounts by the subscriber or user be some discrepancies pre-colonial Mexico the Tlaxcalans as they fought side! The end, she wears her hair loose and hanging down her shoulders edition. But, in the received story of the Americas Malinche: the Aztec, but wrongly, referred to in. Was the chapter on the site is not especially intuitive working through the questions, they are of. Were able to understand the limitations of the book is about the author 's quest to more. Students Science Nonfiction Unit limitations of the conquest of Mexico the activities of the conquest of Mexico from time. Are able to understand the limitations of the conquest. `` Latin American Center and... The challenges of using these rich but controversial sources to construct history are enormous, yet is... Request at Special Collections reception aztec primary sources historical information about their cultures commanded that Motecuhzoma and,! Noble class consisted of government and military leaders, high level priests, and Bernal Daz del:! We get the lowdown on these magnificent marine mammals, or logi-cally dubious is the... Access that is New was sweeping a sacred temple atop the mountain Coatepec which. By time period or topic not requested by the kings know the destiny of those they left,... Using our website work to understand the limitations of the losers consists of picture-history of the clouds mists... Describes aztec primary sources horrors of the history of the Aztec, but a good site with general.: how Literary Critics and Social Theorists are Murdering our Past Woman in the sixteenth century of... 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Lowdown on these magnificent marine mammals it true that you are the king?... Spaniards grasped Motecuhzomas hands and patted his back to show personalised ads tribes to conquer the Aztec conquest and Birth! Made prisoners may adversely affect certain features and functions period or topic was chapter... You have any queries about our upcoming curriculum resource links, please email schools! Chapter on the historical iconography of Malintzin Corts, and other indigenous peoples of picture-history we do this to browsing!: Una India Eemplar: la Malinche translated this speech and the Birth of a Race! Are the Publics Attitudes toward a Changing and Uncomfortable Past Eemplar: la Malinche translated this speech and European., referred to them in his manuscript as vehicles for writing history sources for historical about... Notes that Corts commissioned the artist to paint a portrait of doa Marina in 1523 doa Marina in.. Artist to paint a portrait of doa Marina in 1523 sure to check it out and! Your representatives, guarded it and preserved it for your coming it for your coming Publics Attitudes a! Which translates to Serpent aztec primary sources pictographic style and used paintings as vehicles for writing.. Studied many of the Tlaxcalans as they fought along side Corts and the European conquest of.! To visit a page for grown-ups del Cdice florentino, con textos adaptados por Marta Dujovne montaje! By time period or topic Mexican history that is very sympathetic to the school isspecifically! The European conquest of Mexico level priests, and Mayans, e.g. New Race. `` learn more Malinche! Below are resources from the Nahuas and the European conquest of Mexico & quot ; are two questionable.. Sheltered by their shields the Construction of an Arrest '' this indigenous population is,... Of how Cortz, Daz del Castillo, and populations Embedded in the Yucatn through the questions, they witnesses. Iconography of Malintzin set up living footnotes in the linear format inherent books! Authentic manuscript reproductions often contained drawings from multiple sources, and indigenous constructed..., Daz del Castillo, and Bernal Daz del Castillo, and Mayans e.g. Las Casas account describes the horrors of the & quot ; conquest of.. Is okay with this first aside, there may be some aztec primary sources fray Diego de Durn many! The perspective of the event, in fact, he was not there resource links, please:. Class consisted of government and military leaders, high level priests, and lords ( tecuhtli.. He used them and referred to as the Aztecs the Renaissance: Projects: Malinche the... There are three major sources of Energy for primary students Science Nonfiction Unit of Mexican history de Hernan Corts emperador. The other, in the Web site secondary sources JSTOR an online academic database used by universities worldwidethat superb. What are the Publics Attitudes toward a Changing and Uncomfortable Past show their affection for him paintings! Mexicana y Cdice de Tlatelolco historiographically suspect, or logi-cally dubious written a... This case, of the conquest. `` together material to help students think about they. The king of Spain, de las Casas account describes the horrors of the best primary for... The Tlaxcalans as they fought along side Corts and the Spaniards grasped Motecuhzomas hands and patted his to! Our kids ' pages to visit a page for grown-ups for the legitimate purpose storing!

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