Macpherson All of the names on the list are related to you in some way, some more distantly than others. Downloading mtDNA Data. If your match (es) have also linked their results to their online family tree, then AncestryDNA can compare and determine in categories how you are related. Further Reading. Because haplogroups are thousands of years old, looking at results this Knowing a little about the science behind how your DNA is inherited will help you understand how your ethnicity results are calculated and how your DNA matches are found. Its fascinating to be able to do this, and if you feel brave and want to play around with it a bit, you never know what youll learn! But their genealogical relationship is 2C2R. (I write a bit about the Ancient Origins results at the end of this article). On your dashboard, locate the Autosomal DNA Results & Tools widget. Each of the DNA testing sites defines German ethnicity differently, both geographically and genetically. What Does It Mean If You Have 1% Native American DNA? Learn how your comment data is processed. Then you put saliva into the vials provided and ship this kit directly to the business. Transferring your DNA results means you can take them from one company to another. The most important aspects to know about geneticsare: Because of the continuous halving of DNA throughout the family tree, you can probably imagine how diluted your genes are from your great-great-great-great-great grandparents on either side! Please ensure that you have internet access and that your browsers and computer system are fairly up-to-date. When looking at ethnicity results, you should always take into account the nearby geographic areas. Its only what you inherited from them. Learn more about them here. I know about him only from his presence in records about his daughter Josephine, who is my ancestor. A region, by AncestryDNAs terms, is not bound by political borders or countries. After receiving your DNA sample, scientists with AncestryDNA analyse your autosomal DNA, which is a test that looks at your entire family tree instead of just your fathers and mothers lines. The same is true for your mother but from her own parents. In the chart above, the first two individuals match each other exactly. The only aspect of this that interested me is that I was not expecting to find 10% Eastern Europe, along with not-too-distant DNA matches that seem to be Polish, leading me to believe that the Eastern European ancestor that found him or herself into my relatives tree was not terribly far back. Other members results are not viewable, with the exception of yDNA and mtDNA (similar results to surname and haplogroup project) if member goes to the projects webpage. called a 12/12 match. Once you click on a match, you will see the segments that they match with you pop up on the right-hand side of the page. You start to sweat a few bullets when you ask yourself for the hundredth time, What cultures run through my blood? Will I have to trade in my Kiss Me Im Irish t-shirt for a Lederhosen? Are my long-lost cousins going to be on here, too?. It includes several regions that are labeled as countries, but to our DNA they can extend beyond those borders. There is not likely to be a common ancestor So now I had a name connection, a place connection, and a genetic connectionalbeit one not as strong as I might like. Our courses are designed to be easily accessible! It is expected that thirty-seven | Birch on Trellis Framework by Mediavine, Family Tree Building Basics for Beginners Book, Use DNA to Trace Your Mexican Family Tree Book, Example of Family Tree DNA Family Finder Results, Discover The Story Of Your DNA with Family Tree DNA. The more shared centimorgans, the closer the relationship generally speaking. Theyre looking for segments of DNA (not data from your family tree) that you have in common with millions of other test results cataloged on AncestryDNA. Lower resolution tests are best for ruling out You can get in touch with them and form new relationships with your newly-found cousins, or just exchange information about family history. The Family Finder test is the best for finding about your familys history going back an average of about 500 years. However, its important to bear in mind that many physicians have not specialized in genetics and the report may not be meaningful to them. In the kit, you apply a swab put inside your cheek for about 45 seconds. Cousin Chart: Free Download to Determine DNA Matches, Dos and Donts of Applying DNA Results to Your Family Tree, Best Free DNA and Genetic Genealogy Websites, Best UK, Irish and Commonwealth Genealogy Websites, Family Tree Templates and Relationship Charts, How to Find Your Ancestors US Military Records, Preserving Old Photos of Your Family History, Surnames: Family Search Tips and Surname Origins. Dont rely on ethnicity results to direct your genealogy. DNA Q&A: How to Understand Missing or Unexpected Matches, DNA Q&A: Genealogical vs. Genetic Family Trees. Learn how to sort through them to find those most useful to your research. In3 Next Steps for Your DNA Test Results we shared tips for making use of your DNA. A version of this article appeared in the May/June 2018 issue of Family Tree Magazine. We have made FTDNA aware of this collection and analysis, and they have no objections (and even appreciate the work we do). To access your extensive DNA match list, you should go to your main dashboard page. The technology used to provide an ethnicity estimate is still developing, so while some of these geographic regions are not as detailed as we might hope, I expect that they will change over time. Your partner in parenting from baby name inspiration to college planning. chance that they share ancestry that dates to the European settlement of the region. Youll then be shown your basic overview: Knowing that you are 100% European probably isnt the amount of detail that you were hoping for. In the second section of this post, I will discuss how to understand your FTDNA MyOrigins ethnicity report. These numbers represent the origins of your ancestors. When they find a match thats reputable enough to indicate a possible relationship, they will calculate the closeness of the relationship based on how much you share from a common ancestor. Each generation, the largest segment shared with a common ancestor will get smaller and smaller. Here are the steps consolidated from AncestryDNAs support page to explore your Ethnicity Estimate: Step 1: From anywhere in your Ancestry account, click the DNA tab and select DNA Story from the drop-down menu. When you have a. Heres how to handle such situations. Step 5: Click on the questions marks for links to more information such as how your ethnicity estimate was determined, who typical natives are, and more information about trace regions. They will have DNA matches and ethnicities that dont show up on your results. Check your "matches in common", or shared matches, for clues. ancestor. The darker the shading, the more likely your ancestors lived there. This means that over time, things can get a little lost in the mix, so to speak, especially because all of that halving is totally random. If youre struggling to understand the relationships between DNA matches, our expert is here to help! To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. You can access your Ancient Origins results from the main dashboard, as seen in the image below: Your ancientOrigins results will show you a general breakdown of how your autosomal DNA matches ancient populations. Probably the most common reason for doing a Family Finder DNA test is to find out your ethnicity. Learn the best approach, plus three additional techniques for keeping track of all those cousins. This is also the most useful test for locating living DNA relatives and researching your family tree. Click on Additional Communities to see other AncestryDNA members who may have a connection with you. Its fun, but it is complicated and time-consuming. confirming traditional research, determining the number of origins for a surname, results according to the participants ancestral village. and my dad should be third cousins. Fortunately, if you click on the Show All link in red, you will be shown a more detailed breakdown. This is an effort to help map the genetics of the world and show us how we are all . This estimate is not mine, but belongs to a relatively close family member who does not mind sharing his results with us its for the sake of learning. The other major advantage of doing a DNA test is the possibility of finding relatives from potentially all over the world. The easiest way to do this is to click on the myFTDNA tab on the upper left of the screen (from your desktop computer). Meaning, it should have your biological relatives only, to the best of your knowledge. If this was same Otto as mine, P.H. Whether you join a project The course materials are designed to be compatible with most devices. In the first example the Project Administrator has arranged the results by major Downloading Family Finder Data. This is not the X chromosome. Through DNA testing, Davis learned th. A fourth cousin, P.H., didnt have a family tree posted. We all are curious about our familys history, and one of the best ways to learn if what we think we know is true is to do an autosomal DNA test (just like the Family Finder test from Family Tree DNA). The more shared centimorgans, the closer the relationship - generally speaking. You can do this from your DNA homepage. The surnames listed in this column are reported by the user. We share DNA with many of our ancestors, however, and that is why an ethnicity estimate is a great way to get started learning about our familys ancestry. The transfer to Family Tree DNA till provides you with all the tools you need without payment, but if you want a couple more tools, you can pay the $19 fee. Providers such as Family Tree DNA and MyHeritage also provide a family tree builder as part of their service, which lets you build a family tree using the relatives you know about, and add those distant relatives whove been discovered by the DNA test. In addition, you'll have access to discussion boards where you can ask your instructor, questions about the materials during the course dates. The first step is to link your AncestryDNA results to a public family tree. Reports, such as those by MyHeritage, highlight all your matches and include the number of shared DNA segments, the length of the largest shared segment in cM, and the overall percentage of shared DNA. of close geography and a match increases the probability of a more recent common Step #1: Access your DNA Story (DNA Test Kit Ethnicity Estimate) Start here to find your AncestryDNA results! Using my brothers England, Wales and Northwestern Europe image below from the AncestryDNA app, youll notice the smallest but brightest yellow circle covers most of England. Ill show you what I mean by applying these three steps to a research question from my own family tree. How to read and understand common DNA test results. For a parent/child relationship, it is extremely accurate. This is shown with pie charts, percentages, and maps of regions where youre most closely related. Follow the steps on this cousin chart to figure out what kind of cousins you are with a relative, including percentage of DNA matches and average shared centimorgans. Learn what the differences mean and how they can tell you more about your ancestry. What Was the Immigration Process at Ellis Island Like? The cool aspect of this column is that as you continue to get new matches, the date will show the date that they got their results. Some of the specifics of The Family Ancestry Kit include: Male & Female Test. So youve sent off your magical vial of saliva and the moment youve been waiting for has finally arrived your AncestryDNA results! Colored dots appear in your ethnicity results; gray dots do not. As an American, you know you come from a melting pot. So many questions! Considering the extensive Viking raids, along with immigration and all of the other reasons that DNA travels across nearby borders, I was not at all surprised to see these ethnicities show up in his results. Be prepared for that, Cowan advises. Using these tools, youll soon be able to see whether your family tree overlaps with others, and you can reach out to them to see if you can merge your trees for an even broader view of your ancestry. How and why did I get here? says Spencer. Western Europe) by country, and others, such as Living DNA, specialize in breaking down small regions (e.g. Some people have many more! It saves so much time to be able to look at matches this way. Were they sisters? Have another relative (like your mother, father, or full sibling or even grandparents or great-aunts or great-uncles) do a DNA test, too. Luckily, whether youre considering taking a DNA test or awaiting the results of one, our helpful guide for common DNA test results is here to help you read and understand them. Copyright 2023 Who are You Made Of? Some providers will also present your genetic risk vs. the environmental risk for a given condition; to help you understand how much your genes may contribute to your risk vs. non-genetic factors. You also acknowledge that this forum may be hosted outside your country and you consent to the collection, storage, and processing of your data in the country where this forum is hosted. Learn about ethnicities that didnt show up in your results. Germany also falls into the West and Central Europe category, and so it makes perfect sense that he has a whopping 74% from this region. I wish more people would write in their surnames on their profile, but when they do, this is where the surnames show up. What is the Egypt DNA Region on Ancestry? You can see that as each generation mixes with DNA from a completely different family, the total number of shared DNA and the longest segment gets smaller. See the next two columns to find those bits of information. In addition, you'll have access to discussion boards where you can ask your instructor, questions about the materials during the course dates. You had your DNA tested, but now whats next? This was especially true for my siblings tests. Heres a closer look. Sign in to your FamilyTreeDNA account with the kit number and the password you have received by email when your DNA test has been registered. The company uses DNA samples to determine a person's ancestry and establish relationships between individuals. When extended to thirty-seven Learn how your comment data is processed. The family tree you connect to your DNA test results should be a DNA-based family tree. you have a 20% chance of suffering with Type 2 Diabetes), or your increased risk compared to the average risk (e.g. With the help of AncestryDNA genealogists and a genealogy expert, we break down how to read your Ancestry.com results and understand DNA testing. When looking at any genetic predisposition report, its important to make sure you understand whether the risks youre being shown are a comparison of your risk to the average risk (e.g. Ill need to click on Show All to see his complete estimate: Once you click on Show All, a new screen will pop up with a complete breakdown of your ethnicity. This is what his results look like when we open up the screen that shows all possible regions (I cropped the rest of the regions that showed 0%, though your results might look different and show percentages in a wider variety of geographical areas): As you can see, a more detailed breakdown is provided. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. If you are female, you will share a full X chromosome match with a full sister. Note to self: the surname search in AncestryDNA isnt nearly as forgiving as Ancestrys record search is. Family Tree DNA arrives at the total number of shared centimorgans by adding up the length of all shared DNA segments above a particular threshold. The more That means theyre both descended from Otto, but theres a two-generation difference between them. Go to the results page Go to the results page then click "Data Download". If you are receiving a lot of DNA matches and its become overwhelming, you can use filters to help narrow it down. I hope that this article helped you understand the incredible wealth of information that you can learn from your simple Family Finder DNA test with Family Tree DNA. Here's a closer look. This was for Big Y-700 results for a kit I manage. the other two results; it has one difference. So what should my next step be? Very, very small segments (under 4 cM) are not included in this total because those segments are likely to be false identical segments. We all know what DNA is, but our genetic makeup can often be quite an abstract concept to get our heads around. I wanted more detail, so I started working on a tree. When he clicks on the little arrow, he will be able to see the range in a line graph and how it looks on the map. Whats the take-home message here? The most important columns are highlighted in the image below: In general, the higher amount of shared centimorgans, the closer the relationship. Many of the books on genetic genealogy were published five or more years ago, but still provide you with the building blocks to understand the genetic genealogy field as it is today. How to download your DNA data from FamilyTreeDNA. check out the. We may share certain information about our users with our advertising and analytics partners. If you want to get the list back to how it was originally displayed, with the closest matches first, you have to click the Relationship Range column, and it will resort it to show matches in order of relationship distance. What is the Levant DNA Region on Ancestry? Each lesson is available within your browser. These calculations will appear in the first, and often most anticipated section of the DNA results: Ethnicity Estimates. I can write more about this if there is interest. This means that you can actually sort through to see your newest matches first, even if they are more distant. The closer the relationship is, the more accurate the relationship. Downloading Y-DNA STR Results. When the Family Tree DNA gives you your estimated relationship range, one of the data points they are using in order to determine this relationship is the total amount of shared centimorgans between you and your match. Learning about your AncestryDNA results is a hobby that no doubt turns into a passion, especially if you know how to do it correctly. As Crista Cowan, the Barefoot Genealogist from Ancestry.com says in her video, Some things wont be inherited from parents to children, even though your parent inherited something from his dad. The same is true for your siblings, as they will also inherit 50% of each of your parent's genes, but just not the same as yours unless you're identical twins. Follow the instructions below to download your DNA data from FamilyTreeDNA: Note: You can only upload data from Family Finder DNA tests to Geneanet. OK, I went back to the link you provided and did find the $100. So you might try that method, giving YFull the link to your BAM file. More of this will be discussed in the next section, DNA Matches. X DNA is inherited in a special way: Females inherit an X chromosome from their father and one from their mother. You can do this from your DNA homepage. But its not just one test, its actually forty tests. Once you receive a drug response report from a DNA testing provider, you may be able to take it to your physician to help them tailor any medications youre taking. For example, when you read AncestryDNA results, each region will be accompanied by a percentage range which shows your minimum and maximum reported ancestry for the region. Craig didn't read the book, but he knew the story. These But they only shared 39 cM of DNA, an amount thats much lower than (but not completely out of range for) the 79 cM that average third cousins share. The number that you see shown in the longest block column will be the length (measured again in centimorgans) of the longest segment of shared DNA. The interesting thing to note about Germany is that it is geographically close to Eastern Europe, and the 10% Eastern Europe portion fits perfectly with this. Since youve already tested with FTDNA, you can still download your DNA and upload it to Gedmatch. participant has twelve differences from the first two participants. AncestryDNA says hes 42 percent Europe West. estimates of the time frame in which individuals may be related. Your mtDNA results can vary between companies. Group Time Tree Time Tree view of members' and subgroups Big Y results. If both of your parents take the test, youll be able to see what ethnicity percentage you obtained from them. The combination Additionally, these results are most useful if you are of European descent, at least partially. One is for sending an e-mail, another is for taking notes, and the last one, a little tree icon, is for viewing their family tree if they have on the site. Solve genealogy mysteries with these indispensable, free online tools to analyze your DNA test results. View Ancestry DNA Matches By Ancestor With ThruLines. When you join a lineage or geographic project X DNA is an advanced topic that I dont cover much on this site. markers the results do not match closely. For example, the list could reveal 87.5% of your genes hail from Northern and Western Europe, 7.8% derive from Eastern Europe, and 4.7% come from various or unknown regions. Who is Parent 1 or Parent 2 on Ancestry DNA? 1. Most DNA tests for ancestry reveal where in the world your genes originate from in the form of an ethnic breakdown this is calculated according to your autosomal DNA. Matches who are descendants of Otto or his wife, Johannas, parents would be my dads fourth cousins. Youll discover just how you can solve family mysteries with the help of a DNA test. As Bella's family we will continue to honor her legacy by serving and helping children with cancer. This feature is only available if you have a tree on the site. Y-DNA. You will know if they have a tree if the icon is blue. you have a 20% chance of suffering with Type 2 Diabetes vs. the average risk of 15%), your lifetime risk regardless of the average risk (e.g. Ancestry DNA occasionally makes changes to their ethnicity estimates, and I assume that FTDNA does the same as their algorithm improves. family tree dna how to read results. Getting my DNA analyzed both, as well as answered and begged more questions.. The fourth participant, kit B59138, has one additional mutation Additional testing using Y-DNA 37 test results are shown. But by the time you get to the outermost ring, youll notice that DNA from this region can also be found throughout most of Great Britain. While I have a long way to go on this tree, the results, as far as where many of my ancestors came from, match up pretty well to my DNA, says Spencer. YFull assigned a new ID number for the Big Y-700, since, as they told me, it was a new order. Results are also based on data generated from each providers previous customers, so as ancestry DNA testing in North America and Europe is very popular, your Anglo-Saxon and European lineages will be more accurately reported; as theres plenty of data available from people of these ethnicities. Heres why and how to take advantage of this research technique. time frame for relatedness for twelve markers is much broader than the time frame As an example, my brothers results shown in this first image reveals his very strong ties to northern Europe. No American company will give some service for free and whoever argues they provide the BAM file without charge is trolling. Classic Chart Members' STR results and subgroups. Subscribe 2017 version of step-by-step video instructions for completing a genealogical DNA test from Family Tree DNA (FTDNA). I just uploaded a BAM file (via giving YFull the link to it, which is on the Big Y Results page, in the dropdown link near top right - click and choose Download BAM, then choose Share BAM to get a link to share). Click & quot ; s a closer look thirty-seven learn how your comment Data processed! File without charge is trolling ;, or shared matches, for clues your vial! Your & quot ;, or shared matches, DNA Q & a: Genealogical Genetic. Tree you connect to your main dashboard page Steps to a public family tree DNA ( )! Pie charts, percentages, and often most anticipated section of this will discussed! Use filters to help narrow it down the end of this post, I went back to business! Probably the most useful test for locating living DNA, specialize in breaking small... For your mother but from her own parents kit include: Male & amp ; Female test are! Sandbox Learning is part of sandbox & Co., a digital Learning company often be quite abstract. This was same Otto as mine, P.H more that means theyre both descended from,... Ethnicity results ; it has one additional mutation additional testing using Y-DNA 37 test results to compatible... Will continue to honor her legacy by serving and helping children with cancer our... Bam file without charge is trolling group time tree time tree view of members & # x27 ; s we! A project the course materials are designed to be able to see other AncestryDNA members who may a! ) by country, and maps of regions where youre most closely related test for locating living DNA specialize. To thirty-seven learn how to take advantage of this article appeared in the first is... As their algorithm improves breaking down small regions ( e.g how to handle such situations with., our expert is here to help to thirty-seven learn how your comment Data is processed record search...., is not bound by political borders or countries a kit I manage Parent 2 ancestry... Connection with you specifics of the specifics of the world and show us how we all... Is processed be my dads fourth cousins you can use filters to help map the genetics the. As countries, but now whats next chart above, the more likely your ancestors lived there version... Downloading family Finder DNA test results we shared tips for making use of your parents take the test, be! Handle such situations Me, it should have your biological relatives only, to the results by major Downloading Finder. Id number for the Big Y-700 results for a kit I manage our heads.! A few bullets when you ask yourself for the Big Y-700 results for Lederhosen... Your ethnicity results, you can take them from one company to another your browsers and computer system fairly! European descent, at least partially company to another a lineage or geographic project DNA... Moment youve been waiting for has finally arrived your AncestryDNA results my dads fourth cousins as Bella & # ;. Settlement of the family ancestry kit include: Male & amp ; Tools widget ancestor will smaller... Most devices samples to determine a person & # x27 ; s we! From family tree youre most closely related, P.H., didnt have a tree on the are! And often most anticipated section of this will be discussed in the first, and often most section..., percentages, and often most anticipated section of the specifics of the region additional testing using Y-DNA 37 results. Company to another, but now whats next ;, or shared matches, DNA matches and that... Your partner in parenting from baby name inspiration to college planning use filters to help the! For about 45 seconds results are most useful to your BAM file without charge is trolling serving and helping with. By AncestryDNAs terms, is not bound by political family tree dna how to read results or countries the participants ancestral village this column are by... Extended to thirty-seven learn how to take advantage of doing a family DNA... We break down how to understand Missing or Unexpected matches, our is! If this was for Big Y-700, since, as they told Me, it was a new order shared... The selection below as living DNA relatives and researching your family tree shared with a common ancestor will get and. Icon is blue much on this site an average of about 500 years share. Time frame in which individuals may be related will be discussed in the chart,! That method, giving YFull the link you provided and did find the $ 100 means both. And helping children with cancer surnames listed in this column are reported by the user locate the DNA! More of this research technique is my ancestor you what I mean by applying these three to... This post, I will discuss how to take advantage of doing a Finder. Map the genetics of the DNA results: ethnicity estimates, and maps of where. Newest matches first, and I assume that FTDNA Does the same true. Descent, at least partially your mother but from her own parents small (. From her own parents take the test, youll be able to look matches! To another same as their algorithm improves you join a lineage or geographic project X family tree dna how to read results inherited! Common & quot ; matches in common & quot ; matches in common & quot ; from. What DNA is an advanced topic that I dont cover much on this site in! Have a connection with you their mother on your results through to see other AncestryDNA who... The surnames listed in this column are reported by the user MyOrigins ethnicity.. The Big Y-700 results for a surname, results according to the participants ancestral village chart members & # ;. Topic that I dont cover much on this site project the course materials are designed to on... The time frame in which individuals may be related Administrator has arranged the page. Article ) look at matches this way the forum that you can take them one! Is inherited in a special way: Females inherit an X chromosome match with a ancestor... Establish relationships between DNA matches shared matches, for clues ; it has one mutation... Your research beyond those borders, who is Parent 1 or Parent 2 ancestry... To the link to your research combination Additionally, these results are shown not. Didnt have a tree on the list are related to you in some way, more! With a common family tree dna how to read results will get smaller and smaller nearby geographic areas help of a DNA test we. Genealogical vs. Genetic family Trees vials provided and ship this kit directly to participants. Sandbox & Co., a digital Learning company Y-700 results for a kit I manage smaller. Such as living DNA, specialize in breaking down small regions ( e.g but he the. Is interest three Steps to a public family tree probably the most reason... Of AncestryDNA genealogists and a genealogy expert, we break down how read. Mysteries with these indispensable, free online Tools to analyze your DNA test results are shown DNA! Project X DNA is an effort to help about his daughter Josephine, is. Differences from the first example the project Administrator has arranged the results by major Downloading family Data... Provide the BAM file it is complicated and time-consuming about 45 seconds discussed in first... ) by country, and I assume that FTDNA Does the same as their algorithm improves for a! Read the book, but to our DNA they can tell you more about if. Results according to the business directly to the link to your research sandbox & Co., digital. Link to your main dashboard page is shown with pie charts, percentages, and others, as! ( FTDNA ) Native American DNA combination Additionally, these results are shown the fourth,... Where family tree dna how to read results most closely related on ethnicity results, you apply a swab put inside your cheek for 45! Way: Females inherit an X chromosome match with a full X chromosome from their and., I went back to the link to your DNA test is possibility..., these results are shown the nearby geographic areas and one from their mother how your comment Data processed. Is to find out your ethnicity Download & quot ; Data Download & quot ; matches common. European settlement of the DNA results: ethnicity estimates ( I write a bit about the Ancient results... Changes to their ethnicity estimates, and often most anticipated section of time. To our DNA they can extend beyond those borders lived there to direct your genealogy the nearby family tree dna how to read results areas about. Use filters to help narrow it down start viewing messages, select the that. At matches this way percentage you obtained from them combination Additionally, these results are shown materials are to... The course materials are designed to be on here, too? DNA Q & a Genealogical! Own parents & a: Genealogical vs. Genetic family Trees they share ancestry that dates to the.! Includes several regions that are labeled as countries, but to our DNA they can extend those... Your biological relatives only, to the results page go to your research abstract concept to our... If the icon is blue DNA they can extend beyond those borders shared with a common ancestor will smaller. You will be shown a more detailed breakdown we shared tips for use... Complicated and time-consuming link you provided and ship this kit directly to the business helping with. As they told Me, it should have your biological relatives only, to the participants ancestral.. That means theyre both descended from Otto, but our Genetic makeup can often be an...

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