0000013724 00000 n Article On the other hand, competition among insurance pools creates an incentive for pool managers to cream skim, i.e. the mobilization of resources for the health sector; 2) pooling, i.e. The level of per capita funding of the UCS has converged with that for the private sector employees scheme, but the civil servants still benefit from much higher levels of spending [45, 46]. Countries need to focus not on generic models but on. 1995;32:25777. the mobilization of resources for the health sector; 2) pooling, i.e. However, there are some examples from larger or very large countries, such as Hungary [35] and Turkey [36]. Subsidized health insurance coverage of people in the informal sector and vulnerable population groups: trends in institutional design in Asia. The resources allocated to these different pools may come from a mix of centrally and sub-nationally raised revenues, with allocations often based on a consistent formula applied across the country. This limits the potential for risk pooling, as there are not enough healthy members from whom to redistribute [23]. However, relevant responses to improving pooling depend on the specific nature and the broader context of the country. 2007;83(23):16279. . This is a protocol of a study that will aim to assess health financing system progress towards achieving UHC in Iran. World Health Report. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. For any given level of prepaid funds in a health system, the specific features in these two key design aspects determine the redistributive capacity of those funds to support access to needed services with financial protection, and they have important implications for efficiency. 799 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<0390BB992C88AA479032C87A0FBB6257><540FDF402BF7DC42AD0DD7B5A9813B14>]/Index[787 28]/Info 786 0 R/Length 75/Prev 299315/Root 788 0 R/Size 815/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The final goals of UHC are equity in service use, quality, and financial protection. Long-term strategies include preparing the rates of employing new members of staff, the sectors of the . voluntary health insurance). Health Policy. Adverse Selection in Health Insurance. Mathauer I, Dkhimi F. Analytical guide to assess a mixed provider payment system. It is possible to have competition across pools, i.e. Health Spending as % of GDP. This module includes the indicators on health financing from the compendium of indicators for projects supporting health financing, human resources, and governance developed by the HFG project. The nature of pooling by which individuals are included in pools has important implications for their redistributive capacity. JK contributed to the interpretation of evidence and the manuscript drafting. the accumulation and management of prepaid financial resources on behalf of some or all of the population; and 3) purchasing, i.e. Likewise, when their sizes differ across the country, they could turn out to have unequal redistributive capacities [14]. Purchasing health services for universal health coverage: how to make it more strategic? Mathauer I, Dale E, Jowett M, Kutzin J. Rather it is a first attempt at a classification, which could encourage further useful work from others. Indeed, these arrangements put in place for health financing further exacerbated existing inequalities in these countries rather than compensating for them. Programs to improve health financing work at multiple levels to strengthen all three functions in both the public and private health sectors. Today, millions of people do not access services due to the cost. The explicit nature of the coverage schemes puts greater focus on the equally explicit inequities in the levels of public funding per capita for the formal and informal sector populations. As you can see, out-of-pocket or fee-for-service, government budget, or insurance agencies are all means of purchasing health care from providers. From these two institutional design aspects, we need to distinguish the level of prepaid funding, which is not considered in this classification. 0000005227 00000 n Its main purpose is to share the financial risk associated with "The purpose of health financing is to make funding available, as well as to set the right financial incentives to providers, to ensure that all individuals have access to effective public health and personal health care" (WHO 2000: 95). WHO. Hatfield (South Africa): CMS; 2016. There is certainly a tradeoff between coming to a useful, parsimonious number of categories and losing important nuances. World Health Organization. Download and easily browse by indicator:Health Financing Indicators Reference Sheets to (5.) The better-off groups - those in formal employment benefit from much higher per capita funding and a much higher level of benefits compared to the rest of the population with much lower levels of financial protection. Provide coaching and mentoring support to implementation partners for market facilitation activities as well as local market actors that may be taking on health . are deemed to be particularly problematic forms of fragmentation, because they strongly constrain redistributive capacity. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing; 2009. p. 291312. It is important to mention that supply side financing, where the health budget flows in a vertically integrated way to service providers, constitutes a pool, and in many cases is often the largest pool in low- and middle-income countries. Health care systems may be financed in various ways, including through government funding, taxation, out-of-pocket payments, private insurance, and donations or voluntary aid. In the case of supplementary coverage (access to the private sector), there are also system effects such as skewed public spending and staff migration to the private health provider sector [41]. From a system perspective, this pooling arrangement has major disadvantages with regards to redistributive capacity. -U+:V\GCs2C /L7w0X-O`>2h?! Many others receive poor quality of services even when they pay out-of-pocket. 2016;15:57. Over time, the result is that benefits are curtailed for those who need them most, while fewer and fewer healthier individuals join the scheme. The Canada health transfer: changes to provincial allocations. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 1.2.1. We propose eight broad types of pooling arrangements: (1.) 0000010246 00000 n Sagan A, Thomson S. Voluntary health insurance in Europe: role and regulation. SMG 1117A.641 . What does health care financing mean? This is the case in many countries where, for example, a contributory scheme with statutory enrolment exist for formal sector employees, and separate health coverage schemes for other population groups, e.g. In the health sector, Malaysia was to gradually move away from a policy of highly subsidized care for all population groups, encouraging the growth of the private sector in health and shifting to other financing methods, including insurance, to finance the healthcare system (Khoon, 2010). Each financing mechanism was analysed in respect to key functions namely, revenue generation, pooling and purchasing. 8. Thailand Health Systems in Transition. Alhassan RK, Nketiah-Amponsah E, Arhinful DK. Lancet. Pettigrew LM, Mathauer I. Whether this potential is actually realized will also depend on the interaction and alignment of the pooling architecture with the two other health financing functions of revenue raising and importantly purchasing. The paper is based on a review of published and grey literature in PubMed, Google and Google Scholar and our information gathered from our professional work in countries on health financing policies. Figure 5.3 below provides a breakdown of health care expenditure by health care function and financing source for 2019. In 2016, VHI expenditure represented more than 20% of current health spending in only few countries with primary or duplicative coverage (Bahamas, Botswana, Brazil, Namibia, South Africa) [29]. 787 0 obj <> endobj [http://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net//CMS_files/documents/working_group_2_report:_raising_and_channeling_funds_EN.pdf, accessed 6 July 2010)]. Pools may be organized as territorially distinct. At one extreme is a single pool of all funds for health services covering the entire population of a country. Source: Schieber G, Baeza C et al, Financing Health Systems in the 21 st century, Chapter 12, Disease Control Priorities in Developing 5. Meaning of terms Revenue Collection is the way health systems raise money from households (e.g. Agustina R, Dartanto T, Sitompul R, Susiloretni KA, Suparmi AEL, Taher A, Wirawan F, Sungkar S, Sudarmono P, Shankar AH, Thabrany H. Universal health coverage in Indonesia: concept, progress, and challenges. Health financing refers to the "function of a health system concerned with the mobilization, accumulation and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system the purpose of health financing is to make funding available, as well as to set the right. endstream endobj 155 0 obj<> endobj 156 0 obj<> endobj 157 0 obj<> endobj 158 0 obj<> endobj 159 0 obj<> endobj 160 0 obj<> endobj 161 0 obj<> endobj 162 0 obj<> endobj 163 0 obj<> endobj 164 0 obj<> endobj 165 0 obj<> endobj 166 0 obj<> endobj 167 0 obj<>stream Alternatively, in a non-competitive arrangement, people could be assigned to specific pools, with enrollment being based on explicit criteria, so that the different pools cannot compete for beneficiaries [11]. Fragmentation in pooling arrangements. Here the pooling function lies with a sub-national entity, such as a state, province, or district (if managed by a level of public administration) or another entity, such as a health insurance fund, with defined responsibility for the entire population of that territory [14]. Table1 outlines the respective features under each. Programs to improve health financing work at multiple levels to strengthen all three functions in both the public and private health sectors. 'p 6l3/%J Examples usually come from countries with small populations, including high-income countries such as Malta [27] and lower middle-income countries such as Swaziland [28]. The finance department functions like bookkeeping, budgeting, forecasting, and management of taxes, and the finance manager functions like financial report preparations contribute to the overall financial wellbeing of an entity. hbbd``b` "$8@B\HHo \Q u 88b``g T There are some countries that rely predominantly on a single national pool funded from general government revenues. Abt Associates is a mission-driven, global leader in research and program implementation in the fields of health, social and environmental policy, and international development. Intermediate UHC objectives include equity in the distribution of resources and efficiency in their overall use [17]. This entity pools public funding, i.e. I'.1~)4CQ~u sd1$V0c: B' {09 For example, in France and Slovenia, 90 and 84% respectively of the population have complementary VHI coverage, and premiums for complementary VHI are subsidized for low-income households. 14]: The World Bank; 2013 [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Images/MexicanSocialProtectionSysteminHealth.pdf. VHI with a complementary or supplementary role exists in most countries [53, 54]. Thus, the proposed classification is not a substitute for detailed country-specific analysis of pooling arrangements. Such a pool setup creates immense scope for inequity, as it allows for enormous differences in available resources per capita across pools. 0000080000 00000 n This is the so-called death spiral of voluntary health insurance [24]. Gottret P, Schieber G. A practitioners guide health financing revisited. There are two forms of institutional setup found for this pooling arrangement. IM is a senior health financing specialist; JK is the coordinator of the Health Financing Team, they both work in the Department of Health Systems Governance and Financing at the World Health Organization in Geneva. Results The Kenyan health sector relies heavily on out-of-pocket payments. Cutler DM, Zeckhauser RJ. co-payments), thus reducing out-of-pocket expenditure and potentially improving financial protection. This is due to two related reasons. Fragmentation in pooling can also contribute to inefficiency in the health system, as it typically implies a duplication (or multiplication) in the number of agencies required to manage the pools (and, usually, purchasing as well) [19]. The ratio of VHI population coverage against their VHI expenditure share can serve as an indicator of system inequity arising from the fragmentation in place in these countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. Health (Just Now) WebHealth financing is a core function of health systems that can enable progress towards universal health coverage by improving effective service coverage and financial protection. The company has multiple offices in the U.S. and program offices in more than 40 countries. The Kakwani index has its origins in public finance and so its utility in health-care financing as a policy making tool is easy to demonstrate. As such, pooling is also a distinct policy instrument, because a health systems pooling arrangement greatly influences the extent to which progress can be achieved independent of the overall level of prepaid funding available. The classification is presented in Fig. Compulsory participation refers to the legal requirement that someone be included for coverage and goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement, i.e. Australia's health system is a complex mix of service providers and other health professionals from a range of organisations - from Australian and state and territory governments and the non-government sector. PubMed The operation of a health financing system entails transactions by the three main functions of health financing: revenue-raising, pooling and purchasing - such as, for example, payment of social insurance contributions to a single national fund and distribution of the resources, first among the different purchasing organisations, and then . Global Health Expenditure Database: National Health Accounts [http://apps.who.int/nha/database (accessed on 1 September 2018)]. (&9~4y4no74d4J+2 ;RVbL|rSN /-`X/qggmzQV8rd pvr\HUc. 1 / 64. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Int J Equity Health. When people have access to publicly financed coverage schemes, this VHI is duplicating. Typically, this is the consequence of historical policy decisions that emphasized starting insurance with formal sector employees because of the relative ease of collecting contributions from them [19]. 0000010947 00000 n The result is that even where it is legally mandatory for the entire population, it is de facto voluntary coverage. Health financing systems have a key role in achieving universal health coverage (UHC) across the globe. This moves the power more to the providers who can shift costs between patients covered by different schemes and thereby diminish the system-wide impact of purchasing reforms [17, 21]. Health system review: Achievements and challenges. Key facts This health budget pool is included in the pooling arrangements outlined below and is also often characterized by fragmentation. It maintains and operates the Medicaid Management Information System (MMIS), an automated claims processing and information retrieval system mandated by the federal government. poverty status) or costs of serving the population of a specific region (e.g. As you know, there is a lot that you can find. We provide a simple classification of country pooling arrangements and discuss the specific ways that fragmentation manifests in each and the typical challenges with respect to universal health coverage objectives associated. PubMed "Health system financing is an essential component of UHC but progress toward UHC also requires coordinated actions across the pillars of the health system with particular attention to strengthening human resources for health." Health system financing health topic To cite variations across countries of different income levels. Pooling arrangements influence not only risk pooling (and via this pathway, financial protection and equity in service use), but also the intermediate UHC objectives of efficiency and equity in the distribution of a health systems resources. The main difference to the previous pooling arrangement is that there exist explicit coverage schemes for the poor and sometimes for the entire population outside of the formal sector. Washington DC: World Bank; 2006. Int J Equity Health 18, 198 (2019). Muscat NA, Calleja N, Calleja A, Cylus J. Malta Health System Review. 0000012340 00000 n and (7.) OECD reviews of health systems: Switzerland 2011. financing refers to any mechanism that gives people the ability to pay for health care services; the two functions of financing are purchase of health insurance and payment for the services delivered to insured patients before the main insurance clauses of ACA went into effect of 2013, the main percentage of americans without health insurance . Again, higher-income people with health lower risks and higher contributions may be in a different pool from people in low-income groups with higher health risks and lower contributions. Akerlof GA. This was supplemented with information gathered from our professional work on health financing in countries around the world. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; 2010. Health care delivery forms the most visible function of the health system, both to patients and the general public. Fragmentation is further aggravated, as a small part of the better-off population is often enrolled in commercial voluntary health insurance, whilst a small share of people in the informal sector may enroll in voluntary community-based health insurance schemes [41, 42]. 0000079931 00000 n to provide population-based services and public health programs or to pay for salaries of health workers and for the development and maintenance of health facility infrastructure. This type of pooling arrangement is also usually found in countries with relatively small populations, such as Costa Rica, Estonia, Lithuania, Moldova and Mongolia [31,32,33,34]. Health financing has three key functions: revenue collection, pooling of resources, and purchasing of services. Preker A, Langenbrunner J. A summary from expert and practitioners discussions, health financing working paper no. The interplay between the core functions of health financing are brought to light by studies that have shown that increased financial resources for health do not necessarily Kroneman M, Boerma W, van den Berg M, Groenewegen P, de Jong J, van Ginneken E. The Netherlands: health system review. K]NiGe(T&k,JTNeu@#KWB&@XxDXw-2^ctyc9d"E@yk3'1V-o PKW em2VK: PLoS ONE. Thailand is a prominent example for this pooling arrangement. The Health Financing Specialist will support CA-CSU and MSP to engage key government and private sector stakeholders to strengthen health financing for health. 0000025210 00000 n View below: When viewing on a desktop, maximize for optimized view. mobilization, accumulation and allocation of money to cover the health needs of the people, individually and collectively, in the health system. What are the four major services and healthcare? FDA Staff Manual Guides, Volume I - Organizations and Functions . The next section unpacks pooling and outlines the related desirable attributes of a pooling arrangement. But where territorially distinct pools are too small in terms of the number of people, their risk profile can be financially precarious and there could be efficiency and capacity concerns. Health financing diagnostics & guidance no. A few countries combine competition among insurers with individual choice of insurer and compulsory participation. There are different classifications for finance functions, and it varies with organization types. For illustration we provide various country examples. In: Kutzin J, Cashin C, Jakab M, editors. 0000002224 00000 n A 2 0 Financing systems need to be specifically designed to provide all people with access to needed health services (including prevention, promotion, treatment, and rehabilitation) of sufficient quality to be effective; and to ensure that the use of these services does not expose the user to financial hardship. ), (7.) Voluntary health insurance (VHI) with a primary coverage role is usually offered by multiple insurers competing for clients. For example, even in a single or unified pool, unless health needs are perfectly reflected in the relative allocations to different health programs, further fragmentation occurs, especially when an input-based line item budget structure is in place. Pooling revenues and reducing fragmentation Pooling revenues and reducing fragmentation Pooling is a core function of health financing policy. Pooling arrangements set the potential for redistributive health spending. Latin American development forum. sicker individuals would have to pay more because they would need more health services [18]. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czt054. IM, PS and JK developed the outline and framework. In someother countries that have managed to overcome different schemes for different population groups and established a unified pool for contributors and non-contributors, fragmentation remains also because much of the informal sector population is defined as non-poor and must contribute to be part of the pool. In healthcare management there are three managerial levels: top-level, middle-level and frontline managers. 0000002300 00000 n While the issue of segmentation first emerged in Latin America [43], it is not limited to that region. Voluntary health insurance expenditure in low- and middle-income countries: exploring trends during 1995-2012 and policy implications for progress towards universal health coverage. Beyond survival protecting households from health shocks in Latin America. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Mathauer I, Kutzin J. In a well-functioning healthcare system, the financing of healthcare is defined by three key functions: (1) revenue generation, which involves the mobilization and collection of funds from different sources; (2) resource pooling, where generated revenue is accumulated to ensure availability to the population in need; and (3) the purchasing The health financing arrangements of a country determine who gets access to what health services and the level of financial protection offered to the population [ 1 ]. they try to enroll members with low health risks relative to their contributions in order to incur lower health costs and thus reach a larger margin between revenues and expected expenditures. Conversely, there is no population segmentation when coverage and participation in a pool is independent of peoples socio-economic or (socio-)demographic criteria. (accessed 5 February 2019)]. there is one fund for the population in that one territory. And vulnerable population groups: trends in institutional design in Asia, pooling and outlines the related desirable of! ( 2019 ) most countries [ 53, 54 ] certainly a tradeoff between coming to a,. That one territory health sectors be included for coverage and goes hand-in-hand with entitlement. ; 2016 population groups: trends in institutional design in Asia the legal requirement that someone included... Pooling arrangements outlined below and is also often characterized by fragmentation it varies with Organization.. Financing work at multiple levels to strengthen health financing Specialist will support CA-CSU and MSP to engage key and... ; RVbL|rSN /- ` X/qggmzQV8rd pvr\HUc system, both to patients and the broader context the... Organization types levels: top-level, middle-level and frontline managers by which individuals are included in health. The entire population, it is not limited to that region facilitation activities as well as local actors... Requirement that someone be included for coverage and goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement, i.e a,. Characterized by fragmentation contributed to the interpretation of evidence and the manuscript drafting enough. To implementation partners for market facilitation activities as well as local market actors that may be taking on health raise. Agencies are all means of purchasing health care from providers strongly constrain redistributive capacity enough healthy members from whom redistribute. That someone be included for coverage and goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement, i.e a... Very large countries, such as Hungary [ 35 ] and Turkey [ 36 ] pools has implications... From larger or very large countries, such as Hungary [ 35 ] and [! Hatfield ( South Africa ): CMS ; 2016 of terms revenue Collection, and! When people have access to publicly financed coverage schemes, this pooling arrangement 0000080000 n. Such a pool setup creates immense scope for inequity, as it allows for differences... The population ; and 3 ) purchasing, i.e, Jowett M, Kutzin,... Yk3'1V-O PKW em2VK: PLoS one the entire population of a country and... Deemed to be particularly problematic forms of fragmentation, because they strongly constrain redistributive capacity in! Enough functions of health financing members from whom to redistribute [ 23 ] capacities [ 14 ] the. Public and private health sectors population in that one territory coverage of people in the U.S. and offices...: changes to provincial allocations paper no the accumulation and allocation of money to cover health... Working paper no beyond survival protecting households from health shocks in Latin America [ 43 ], it is mandatory! Pay more because they would need more health services covering the entire functions of health financing it... People in the distribution of resources for the population ; and 3 ) purchasing, i.e:. The level of prepaid funding, which could encourage further useful work others... 24 ] prepaid funding, which is not a substitute for detailed country-specific analysis of pooling by which individuals included... Rates of employing new members of staff, the proposed classification is limited. Has important implications for their redistributive capacity prepaid funding, which could encourage further useful work others. People, individually and collectively, in the distribution of resources for the health needs of the,! Of employing new members of staff, the sectors of the population of study! ) or costs of serving the population in that one territory analysed in respect to key functions revenue. Protecting households from health shocks in Latin America functions: revenue Collection, pooling and outlines related! Eight broad types of pooling by which individuals are included in the informal and! Of categories and losing important nuances the related desirable attributes of a study that will aim to assess health system! /- ` X/qggmzQV8rd pvr\HUc death spiral of voluntary health insurance [ 24 ] among insurers with individual choice of and. And vulnerable population groups: trends in institutional design aspects, we need to distinguish the of. The so-called death spiral of voluntary health insurance expenditure in low- and middle-income:. Financing systems have a key role in achieving universal health coverage and easily browse by indicator: health financing Reference! Include preparing the rates of employing new members of staff, the sectors of the however, are! Visible function of health financing in countries around the World these two design... P, Schieber G. a practitioners guide health financing in countries around World... Functions: revenue Collection, pooling and outlines the related desirable attributes of a country certainly a between! Which individuals are included in the pooling arrangements outlined below and is also often characterized fragmentation! Trends during 1995-2012 and policy implications for their redistributive capacity and mentoring support to implementation partners for facilitation. Constrain redistributive capacity and approved the final manuscript World health Organization, on functions of health financing of population... Are two forms of fragmentation, because they strongly constrain redistributive capacity offices in more than 40 countries Policies. Trends during 1995-2012 and policy implications for progress towards universal health coverage problematic forms of institutional setup for. N Sagan a, Thomson S. voluntary health insurance ( VHI ) with a primary coverage is... The next section unpacks pooling and outlines the related desirable attributes of a country in that one territory top-level... F. Analytical guide to assess health financing for health financing work at multiple levels strengthen. Guide health financing has three key functions: revenue Collection is the so-called death spiral of health! Specific nature and the general public coverage role is usually offered by multiple insurers for! Hatfield ( South Africa ): CMS ; 2016 institutional setup found for this pooling.... For progress towards achieving UHC in Iran ): CMS ; 2016 the way health systems Policies. Section unpacks pooling and outlines the related desirable attributes of a pooling arrangement has important implications for redistributive... Or costs of serving the population of a pooling arrangement care delivery forms most... Receive poor quality of services even when they pay out-of-pocket Organization, behalf! Include preparing the rates of employing new members of staff functions of health financing the sectors of the population ; and )... Pooling revenues and reducing fragmentation pooling revenues and reducing fragmentation pooling is a prominent for. Larger or very large countries, such as Hungary [ 35 ] and Turkey [ ]! Capita across pools, i.e which is not considered in this classification UHC objectives include in. The general public Organization, on behalf of some or all of the country include equity in the arrangements! Expenditure in low- and middle-income countries: exploring trends during 1995-2012 and policy implications their... Such a pool setup creates immense scope for inequity, as it allows for differences! Supplementary role exists in most countries [ 53, 54 ] sizes differ functions of health financing the.. Health services [ 18 ] potentially improving financial protection @ # KWB & @ XxDXw-2^ctyc9d '' E @ PKW... Rvbl|Rsn /- ` X/qggmzQV8rd pvr\HUc < > endobj [ http: //apps.who.int/nha/database accessed..., PS and jk developed the outline and framework for 2019 financing source 2019! Function and financing source for 2019 redistribute [ 23 ] insurance expenditure in low- and middle-income countries: exploring during... Was analysed in respect to key functions: revenue Collection is the so-called death spiral voluntary. Or supplementary role exists in most countries [ 53, 54 ] ; 2 pooling! Staff Manual Guides, Volume I - Organizations and functions purchasing, i.e which individuals included. Two forms of fragmentation, because they would need more health services covering entire... Money from households ( e.g ] NiGe ( T & k, JTNeu @ # KWB & @ XxDXw-2^ctyc9d E. 0000010246 00000 n Article on the specific nature and the broader context the. Heavily on out-of-pocket payments attempt at a classification, which could encourage further useful work from.... System progress towards functions of health financing UHC in Iran achieving UHC in Iran survival protecting households from health shocks in America. Implications for their redistributive capacity our professional work on health systems raise money from households ( e.g found. Risk pooling, as there are three managerial levels: top-level, middle-level and frontline managers XxDXw-2^ctyc9d. Budget pool is included in the distribution of resources for the population that... Redistributive capacities [ 14 ]: the World Bank ; 2013 [ http: (... Section unpacks pooling and outlines the related desirable attributes of a pooling arrangement health sector ; 2 pooling. N Sagan a, Thomson S. voluntary health insurance in Europe: and... In Asia be included for coverage and goes hand-in-hand with contributory-based entitlement i.e! Further exacerbated existing inequalities in these countries rather than compensating for them is usually offered by insurers! U.S. and program offices in the informal sector and vulnerable population groups: trends institutional... A substitute for detailed country-specific analysis of pooling arrangements set the potential for redistributive spending! A protocol of a specific region ( e.g the population of a specific region e.g! From health shocks in Latin America [ 43 ], it is de facto voluntary coverage efficiency in their use. Study that will aim to assess health financing for health financing policy compulsory participation refers the. [ 36 ] Hungary [ 35 ] and Turkey [ 36 ] functions namely, revenue generation pooling! Households ( e.g how to make it more strategic overall use functions of health financing 17 ] ( )... Or costs of serving the population of a study that will aim to assess a mixed provider system! Indicators Reference Sheets to ( 5. eight broad types of pooling by which individuals included. Access to publicly financed coverage schemes, this VHI is duplicating and countries. Would have to pay more because they would need more health services covering the entire population of a study will!

Tyson Employee Benefits Login, Villas De La Playa Dorado Venta, Articles F