Gypsum is relatively soft (Hardness =2) and can be scratched easily with a fingernail. Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? However, there are exceptions. The Moon lacks water, an atmosphere, and tectonic activity, three forces that erode Earth's surface and erase all but the most recent impacts. What influences the size and shape of a crater? Around its base is a steep cliff as high as 6 km. The completely unnerving possibility that such force can be delivered in such a short time may well contribute to both the lack of understanding and often disbelief many geologists hold toward cratering events. This "period of heavy bombardment" ended by about 3.9 billion years ago. Reuyl, Dirk. Some of this tiny debris makes it to Earth's surface and is mixed with soil and ocean sediment. 3. But Earth has several things the moon doesnt an atmosphere and liquid water that cause erosion. HVsT{! Pegmatitic texture is composed of very large crystals (larger than 2-3 cm). Find more similar flip PDFs like Planetary_Geology. I noticed the young crater has an odd shape, non-circular, almost diamond-shaped. endobj Hailstones and even raindrops may produce on harder ground small craters as well (Fig. 2) we may think it somehow formed from an identical mechanism. Do you think the surface of Olympus Mons is geologically old or young, compared to the surface of the Moon? endobj Calcite readily reacts with a small drop of HCl. Scientists estimate that Earth and the other terrestrial planets are struck by, on average, five asteroids less than 2 kilometers (a little over 1 mile) across every million years. Sinuous Ridge Materials in Reuyl Crater. Sand and dust particles carried by the wind form dunes and windstreaks. Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? Larger impacts also still occur, but these are much more rare. Porphyritic texture is composed of crystals of two different sizes. Hailstone craters. Lastly, pyroclastic texture is composed of volcanic fragments. Planetary_Geology was published by lavit shetty on 2021-11-18. Space shuttle image STS51I-33-56AA, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. <> An extensive blanket of ejecta covers the area around the rim. In an introductory level lab it is impossible for us to determine these two aspects of a mineral. Below you will find a chart which defines the physical properties and provides the means for determining the physical property of a mineral sample. endobj {u/ 8`&_@ug,jbAM$[$oPocqM9K'5u"gY2;!1Nb$NfMc,cl9{=ZY6m#v]b1$m|"^K)Ks7q~B-=Cdl/)q&eHdiT) %Iwd`y\*/[Cr|R>/cRN]UyYIcF8`wiaV>bzw]'b+DZbV;zdge4e=00%9)q@B|~1QV, V=~ERZRm -Y (Viking MDIM Volume 4) 15. Although temperatures below freezing and low atmospheric pressures do not allow liquid water on the surface of Mars today, erosion processes involving running water were important on Mars in the past. At the edges of lunar maria, there are often damaged walls of craters formed before the maria. Craters come in two flavors: those that arent caused by asteroids or comets, impact craters, are formed by powerful volcanic explosions. Similar to some river systems on Earth, these Martian channels have a branching pattern. The Moon does not. Igneous rocks can be identified by the determination of the composition and texture of the rock. The white material comprising the central peak is glass microbeads. <> How scientists solved the riddle of these mysterious landforms. ExDsD ;;8-E:(] Material Type: Lab; Class: Sci Thought/Processes I; Subject: Honors Program; University: George Mason University; Term: Unknown 1989; At that time, however, the physics of impact cratering implying shock physics was not yet understood. Topography from echo sounder measurements. Aeolian (wind) activity is also a continuing process of erosion. Sedimentary rocks are rocks composed of sediment. Thus, if a valley cuts through a crater, the crater must be older. Very similar, but still different, therefore two different minerals. This lab is an adaptation of an adaptation by Richard Harwood based upon the original NASA resource: A Teacher's Guide with Activities in Physical and Earth Sciences for Planetary Geology,: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998, EG-1998-03-109, p. 238. Halite has a hardness of 2.5 and cannot be scratched by a fingernail (unpolished fingernail). Craters produced by the collision of a meteorite with the Earth (or another planet or moon) are called impact craters. Very large impact craters greater than 300 kilometers (185 miles) across are called impact basins. In the following, these three stages are illustrated and described in a somewhat simplified manner. Mars has some of the largest volcanoes in the solar system, including Olympus Mons, a massive volcano many times larger than the Island of Hawaii. The general story of an impact follows a pretty predictable process. 3 0 obj That means it is more likely it will cool into hexagonal chunks. And of course there's the lake itself. Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west longitude. January 2014; Lava later flowed across the low floors of the basins, giving them a darker, smoother appearance than the surrounding, brighter highlands. Essentially, the Moon's surface has not been modified since early in its history, so most of its craters are still visible. Fig. For the following, you will use the knowledge from previous questions to identify Martian landforms and describe the geologic processes that created them. A comparable process is observed with the peculiar shock-deformed Buntsandstein conglomerates in Spain and is in more detail explainedHERE. 22. Most obsidian is felsic in composition, yet typically it will have a very dark color (dark brown to black). Generally speaking, large impact craters appear to be morphologically flat structures although the impact signature rock deformations, shock metamorphism may extend to considerable depths. 9 0 obj Justify your answer. Firsoff is an impact crater in the region called Meridiani Planum in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 2.66N latitude and 9.42W longitude.It is 90 km in diameter. Fortunately determination of the exact chemical composition is not necessary. Multi-ring basin Mona Lisa on Venus. Since tectonic plate movements has erased much of Earths crater record, the answers to the lingering questions about crater formation and timelines lie in the exquisitely preserved craters on the moon. Heavy elements began sinking past the oceans and magma toward the center of the planet. "It is difficult to say exactly . If the projectile . 9). How looks an impact crater that was produced by an oblique impact? Kaali Crater Field. 03.04.10. A good example is the mineral plagioclase. 18. Individual craters are degraded or destroyed over time by erosional processes and further cratering. a depression formed by an impact (as of a meteorite). Typically, these rocks split along parallel, planar surfaces. Albite and anorthite are two examples. If windstreaks are dust deposits formed downwind from the craters, what wind direction is indicated here? Both are black in color, and is composed of carbon. Large (139 km-diameter) Central-peak crater Herschel on the multiple impact Saturnian moon Mimas. The compression stage of crater formation involves that initial exchange of energy between the projectile and the impact area. It is colder inside some craters near the lunar poles than it is on the surface of Pluto (25K, or -415F). There will be another Chicxulub-size impact event, he said. The prevailing theory supported by the scientific community, the giant impact hypothesis suggests that the moon formed when an object smashed into early Earth. <> 17 0 obj Its features, such as the ejecta blanket beyond its rim, are well preserved because of the crater's youth; it has not experienced extensive erosion. Fig. Download Planetary_Geology PDF for free. stream Compare Apollinaris Patera (marked A on Figure 5) to Olympus Mons (Figure 1). 7. What happens if a comet or a very low-density, loosely bound asteroid (like Mathilde asteroid, Fig. The ejecta of the larger crater is different from that of the smaller crater. ERNSTSON CLAUDIN IMPACT STRUCTURES METEORITE CRATERS, Research on impact geology, geophysics, petrology, and impact cratering. Posted by: Soderman/NLSI Staff When a meteor makes it through Earths atmosphere without burning up, it strikes the ground faster than the speed of sound. If an impactor is large enough, some of the material pushed toward the edges of the crater will slump back toward the center and the rock beneath the crater will rebound, or push back up, creating a central peak in the crater. Press, Oxford, 1989. Based on your observations, what is the probable order of occurrence of A, B, C, and D in Figure 5 (i.e., which came first, second, third, last)? "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature | Reuyl", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reuyl_(crater)&oldid=998864518, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 January 2021, at 10:50. Early in the formation of our solar system (before 3.9 billion years ago) there was lots of large debris striking the surfaces of the young planets and moons; these older impact basins are larger than the more recent craters. 3 strongly resemble meteorite impact craters exhibiting a central uplift like the Tycho impact crater on Earths moon (Fig. Justify your answer. Clastic sedimentary rocks contain clasts. Arid climate and a lack of vegetation in the vicinity of Meteor Crater make it an excellent comparison site for similar-sized impact craters on Mars, Ramsey said. This means that the minerals in the rock are all aligned with each other. Procedures and Questions: Part 3 Now we examine some Valleys west of Chryse Planitia. Moreover, the principles of superposition and cross-cutting relations indicate that a feature which at least partly covers another feature is the younger. It measures 85.9 kilometers in diameter and was named after Dirk Reuyl, a Dutch-American physicist and astronomer (19061972) who made astronomical measurements of the diameter of Mars in the 1940s.[1]. In this way, all rock particles behind the expanding shock front are captured by both the compressive shock and the tensile rarefaction, and both combine into a vector of acceleration. T U ; = B } ~ x z h_X B* CJ ph h_X B* ph !dKG>$D1vAn Ey kde/5RehK;(V+SP;6$:wr7s]0 qh@3rFWTkiuZuC1:e`Di*{"Ge[mIGl e `GRqu]MVte4O.)XPN!QgL!eQ!7*hM,5n7OS@yoY.B>f6>x>/RNR84l,Q/b&^RA,`?l'&)sH,s@+xL:|F+08l7lF4)2BYcJOo!!g3+Ct B |2x G.eG 6`:qTC+K\dI,h^&Q!dZ 7b1UxrxU_60cPYTPOX4RExd-w9+ X'SdFht'~Y=3sQf>\B5y[s{pq],1lbl>{|>?wDxLK#2'UF*$QtiQV9C9MBfKQGR"'#6x T^!mx{8w'IN^p_R ,0IRf2/k-l^cX;;uD+ Dunite has an ultramafic composition yet is apple green to yellowish green in color. (a) Geomorphic map of Reuyl crater. The keys to this definition are the chemical composition and the crystalline structure. Larger, more forceful impact events will form complex craters in which the rock at the center of the crater rebounds from the downward pressure of the shock wave and uplifts into a mound-like formation. The excavation stage ends on release from shock and when the displacements by excavation cavity formation and downwards/sideward compression reach an end. The term transient crater means the cratering process continues after the excavation flow comes to rest. Explain why you believe the way you do. It is the oldest and largest impact crater recognized on Earth's surface. On propagating roughly hemispherically into the underground target rocks, shock wave energy diminishes and so does pressure and temperature. Location: 24S, 245W. (Viking image 645A57) 6. 11. The Vredefort impact crater, about 100 kilometers (60 miles) from Johannesburg, South Africa, was formed just a little over 2 billion years ago. Examine the caldera (labeled A) and describe its shape. It is true meteorites crashing as stones from the sky at free-fall velocity may in fact produce small craters in the ground similar to mud and hailstone craters. The so-called Meteor Crater in Arizona previously held the record for largest impact crater less than 100,000 years old; it's about 49,000 to 50,000 years old and measures 0.75 miles (1.2 km) in . Dual crater at the bottom of Lake Chiemsee, Bavaria (Germany) that very probably formed in the large Holocene Chiemgau impact event. This image shows a simple crater on Mars that has no central peak or terraces around its edges. A projectile (like the small plastic sphere) produced the crater in a laboratory hypervelocity impact experiment. endobj The meter scale indicates water depth. Glassy texture is the most readily recognized. Ius Chasma, part of the Valles Marineris system. The edges of these larger craters also may slump, creating terraces that step down into the crater. Like snow accumulation on Earth, Martian dust can become so thick that it eventually slides down the . Free essays, homework help, flashcards, research papers, book reports, term papers, history, science, politics Four minerals that need to be identified are quartz, halite, gypsum and calcite. 6). 10. Simple Craters . Therefore, crisp craters with upraised rims and steep sides are young, while less distinct and eroded craters with partial rims are probably older. What are some of Earth's famous impact craters? Fig. Volcanism has produced vast lava flows, broad shield volcanoes, and plains of volcanic material. The transition from simple to complex craters occurs at about 1.5 to 4 km (depending on the target rocks) final diameter for terrestrial craters and is much larger (c. 15 km) for craters on the Moon. How the atoms and molecules are arranged and the strength of the bonding between the atoms result in different physical properties for different minerals. There are some interesting erosional signs in this observation, which will make for a good comparison with other intracrater fans and fluvial sedimentary landforms. The impact-cratering process. Image courtesy of D. Roddy through the Lunar and Planetary Institute. This depends on how large the crater is. There is no other reasonable explanation for the occurrence of such a peculiar structure at the bottom of the glacial Lake Chiemsee. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Name _____ COSMORPHOLOGY - May 2009 Geologic landforms Purpose: By studying aerial photographs you will learn to identify different kinds of geologic features based on their different morphologies and learn the processes involved in their formation. Dunite is composed almost entirely of the mineral olivine which usually contains both iron and magnesium. % Mass movement is the displacement of material by landslides or slumping through the action of gravity. Impact basins are very large impact structures that are more than 300 kilometers (185 miles) in diameter. More elongate craters can be produced if an impactor strikes the surface at a very low angle less than 20 degrees. As a rule of thumb, older surfaces have been exposed to impacting bodies (meteoroids, asteroids, and comets) for a longer period of time than younger surfaces. These conditions only occur with larger projectiles (a few hundred tons and more) that are not significantly slowed down by friction in the atmosphere that impact the ground at cosmic velocities (10 70 km/s). Determine and record the diameter of the caldera structure (include the over all caldera structure in this measurement). (b) Contour map derived from the MOLA 463m/pixel DTM, with the . It has some of the clearest water in the world, and the bottom lies nearly 2,000 feet below the surface, making it the deepest lake in the United States.You can gaze down on it from lookouts along the Rim Drive, part of the 500-mile-long Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway.Or you can peer into its depths during a boat tour to Wizard Island (formed by a more . Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? This crater is believed to have formed when an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago. The dark brown to black color is the most obvious characteristic. Are the craters you observe older or younger than the valleys? Determine and record the diameter of Apollinaris Patera? HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_5.jpg"Figure 5. Terraces are a common feature of many large craters---for another example, look at the crater Theophilus. Justify your answer. %PDF-1.5 endobj These act together to break apart and wear down the ground. Explain your answer. The force of the impacts create circular structures with raised rimmed wall; spatters of mud and smaller circular secondary craters may be seen (Fig. 19. 1). Procedures and Lab Questions to be Turned In: Part 1 Olympus Mons is a shield volcano 600 km in diameter, towering 25 km above the surrounding plain. . <> Coquina and limestone are both composed of calcite. Fig. . And although these are abundant on the . The force can catapult chunks of molten and solid rock hundreds of miles from the impact site this material is known as ejecta flow. 14. Look for areas where the light reflects from planar surfaces. Lake Toba in Sumatra, the largest volcanic structure on Earth, is an example of an enormous caldera that has filled with water over time. u u u # ( u u u u u u u u u : HNRT 227 Laboratory Experiment #8 with Ms. Crowell FALL 2015 The Rocks of Earth and the Surface of Mars Purpose: To understand the rocks of terrestrial planets and how they are formed, and to interpret and analyze the surface of planets and what that teaches us about the conditions that exist today and may have existed eons ago. And so far, the crater formation process has only lasted a few seconds. 12. The circular shape is due to material flying out in all directions as a result of the explosion upon impact, not a result of the impactor having a circular shape (almost no impactors are spherical). (Hint: remember that wind direction refers to the direction from which the wind blows.) Media Policy Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west longitude. Fig. 7. Non-foliated textures are identified by their lack of planar character. Smaller valleys join the main east-west chasm. Which is larger, and by how much? Source: Google Earth. Fig. <> 7 0 obj -yM. The texture of an igneous rock does not refer to the roughness or smoothness of the surface. Transcript (121 KB) Overview : Impact cratering is, arguably, the most important and fundamental geological process in the Solar System. The reflected tensile stresses are insofar crucial as the tensile strength of rocks is much lower than the compressive strength. American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, 788 p. Igneous rocks are rocks that solidify from molten material (magma). endobj 4). Sedimentary Rock Identification ChartTEXTUREGRAIN SIZECOMPOSITIONROCK NAMEClastic2 mmrock fragments, quartz, feldsparConglomerate1/16 - 2 mmquartz, feldsparSandstone<1/16 mmquartz, clay mineralsMudstone1/16 mmfeldspar, quartzArkoseChemicalcalciteLimestonesilica (quartz)ChertgypsumRock GypsumhaliteRock SaltBiologicorganic material, plant fragmentsBituminous Coalcalcite, shell and skeletal fragmentsCoquinacalcite with some fossilsFossiliferous Limestone Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have undergone a change from their original form due to changes in temperature, pressure or chemical alteration. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_1.jpg"Figure 1. Consult your lab manual for detailed discussion. Million years ago, courtesy of D. Roddy through the action of gravity created.. Mars that has no central peak is glass microbeads energy between the result... 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Or slumping through the action of gravity its history, so most what process do you think formed reuyl crater. Ernstson CLAUDIN impact STRUCTURES that are more than 300 kilometers ( 185 miles ) are. The ejecta of the smaller crater an identical mechanism the center of the smaller.... Smaller crater defines the physical property of a meteorite with the peculiar shock-deformed Buntsandstein conglomerates Spain.